what is the square root of 456
 

 boo

 what is a hammerhead shark?
 

 Dear Friend,
A Hammer head shark is, a shark whose head is has a strange
looking extention which looks much like the top of a hammer.
You can see a picture and get information at the following site.
http://www.sdnhm.org/kids/sharks/shore-to-sea/hammerhead.html
Which can be found through YAHOOLIGANS.
Instructions to reach Yahooligans.
1.Choose SUBJECTS at the KIDDONET Homework Helper
2. At the Science List , Choose ASK ABOUT IT.
3. Now Choose ASK DR UNIVERSE and enter the site.
4. Once in the site, scroll down to reach YAHOOLIGANS.
5. In YAHOOLIGANS you can go to one of the different 
    categories and look inside them. In this case Choose Science and 
     Nature, and then animals
6. You can put in search words  Hammerhead Shark and you will 
receive several sites which you should check ,including the one above.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper.

 How are decimals so hard? 

 Hi,

Once you get familiar with decimals, it will become easier.

How do I add decimals?

It’s important to understand that 10 thousandths=1 hundredth

                                    10 hundredths=1 tenth
                                    10 tenths=1  one

just like 10 ones = 1 ten
              10 tens=1 hundred
              10 hundreds=1 thousand

Let’s try  adding  23.67+85.463

To add decimals, you line the numbers you want to add up 
vertically with the decimal points lined up one on  top of other:

               23.67
          +    85.463
          ---------------
                 .

Line  the decimal point up in the answer as well.  We start by adding the digits in the thousandths place, namely 0+3=3  thousandths.  Write the 3 in the thousandths place of our answer.

                23.67
          +     85.463
          ---------------
                  .  3

Now let’s add the hundredths place, namely 7+6=13 hundredths or 1 tenth and 3 hundredths.  Write the 3 in the hundredths place of our answer and carry the 1 tenth to the tenths column.
                  1
               23.67
          +    85.463
          ---------------
                 . 33

Now, let’s add the tenths, namely 1+6+4=11 tenths or 1 whole  unit and 1 tenth.  Write the 1 tenth in the tenths place of the answer and carry the 1 one to the ones column.

                1 1
               23.67
          +    85.463
          ---------------
                 .133

Add the ones digits, namely 1+33+5=9 ones and write the 9 in the ones place of the answer.

                1 1
               23.67
          +    85.463
          ---------------
                9.133

Lastly, add the digits in the tens place, namely 2+8=10 tens or 1 hundred and 0 tens.  Write the 0 tens in its place of the answer and the 1 hundred in its place.

                1 1
               23.67
          +    85.463
          ---------------
              109.133


Question:  How do I subtract decimals, like 8.0-4.55?

Subtracting decimals is almost the same as subtracting whole numbers (numbers without decimals). 

To set up subtracting a decimal from a decimal, you line the decimal points right above each other.

    8.0
  - 4.55
  ------
   
Now, put the decimal point in the same place in the answer.  In our case, the two decimal parts of the numbers are not the same length.  Fill in the shorter one with zeros.



    8.00
  - 4.55
  ------
     .

Now, subtract as you would have with whole numbers.

Let’s start with the hundreths place, but we can’t take 5 away from 0.  So, we look to the tenths place of 8.00 to try to borrow 1 tenth, which equals 10 hundreths.  But, there are no tenths, so let’s
borrow 1 whole, which is equal to 10 tenths.

    7
    8.00
   -4.55
   ------
     .
Now, we have 7 ones instead of 8, and 10 tenths instead of zero.  We can now borrow 1 tenth...that means we have 9  tenths and 10 hundredths.

    7 910
    8.00
   -4.55
   ------
     .

Now, let’s subtract the hundredths, namely 10-5=5 hundredths. Write the 5 hundredths in the hundredths place of the answer.

    7 910
    8.00
   -4.55
   ------
     . 5

Now, let’s subtract the tenths digits, namely 9-5=4 tenths.  Write the 4 tenths in the tenths place of the answer.

    7 910
    8.00
   -4.55
   ------
     .45

Lastly, let’s subtract the ones digits, namely 7-4=3 ones.  Write the
3 in the ones place of the answer.

    8.00
  - 4.55
  ------
    3.45

Question:  How do I multiply decimals?

When multiplying decimals you follow this simple rule.  Multiply the 
numbers totally disregarding the decimal points - that is, treat the 
numbers as if they were whole numbers.  Then, after you have done the 
multiplication, count the number of digits to the right of the decimal 
in each of the numbers. ADD these numbers together and then count off 
(from the right) this number of places in the answers and put the 
decimal point there.  

An example:  3.89x4.96.  

First Multiply 389X496, which is 192,944.  Now, in the first number 
there is TWO places to the right of the decimal and in the second 
number there are TWO digits to the right of the decimal.  
TWO plus TWO = 4.  Therefore, count four places in from the right of 
the answer.  The answer should be 19.2944. 

Question:  How do I divide decimals?

To divide a decimal number by a decimal, you follow the following procedure.
                   ___________
For example  34.56|193.536

Move the decimal point in the DIVISOR to the right until the number becomes a whole number.  That's our number 34.56.  so we need to move our decimal point TWO places to the right.

Then move the decimal point in the dividend (that our number 193.536) the SAME NUMBER of places.  

Then you use your method of long division.  The decimal 
point in the answer lies directly above the decimal point in the dividend.
                  ____5.6___
             3456|19353.6
                 -17280
                  ------
                   20736
                   20736
                   ------
                    0

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Helper

   WHY ARE SOME CATERPILLERS HAIRY? 

 Dear Friend,
Caterpillars are covered with hairs as a means of
protecting themselves from predators(animals which eat them)
The hairs put off the predator, and sometimes the hairs have an ability
to sting or be shot out at the predator. THis stops these animals
from eating them.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 feeling generous  one day,apple alex gave away one-half of his apples plus one to the first stranger he met, one-half of his remaining apples plus one to the next stranger he met, and one-half of his remaining apples plus one to the third stranger he met. If apple alex had only one left for himself, with how many apples did he start? 

 Alex has 1 apple left at the end of the day.  To the
previous stranger he gave half plus 1 of his apples, so that
means we need to add one apple to what Alex has now and double
it, to get 4 apples.

Now to the second stranger, he gave half plus one of his apples,
so we add one to his apples left and double, 4+1=5 and
2*5=10

To the first stranger, he had given half of his original
plus one, and he now has 10 apples, so we add 1 to 10 and
double that so originally he had double of 11 or 22 apples.

Let's check to see if this works.

Alex starts with 22 apples.  He gives half plus one away to 
the first stranger he meets, so he gives 12 apples away and has 10
left for himself.

When Alex meets the second stranger he has 10 apples.  So half
of 10 is 5, but Alex gives the stranger one more than that or
Alex gives the stranger 6 apples.  If he gives the stranger
6 apples, then he has 4 left for himself.

When Alex meets the third stranger he has 4 apples.  So half
of 4 is 2, but Alex gives the stranger one more than that
or Alex gives the stranger 3 apples and has 1 left for himself.

That works.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Helper

 i need to know information about tornadoes,hurricanes,and twisters.thanks and please answer before tomorrow 

 Dear Friend,
The best way to obtain good information fast about these
different types of destructive storms, is to go to sites on
the internet which specialize in them, as well as to a good
Encyclopedia which deals with
the subject of - which is The Study  of the Weather
My recommendation is to use the YAHOOLIGANS site which can be reached from the
KIDDONET Homework Helper.
When there Choose"Science and Nature".
There you will find a category on the Weather.
Enter the Category and you will find that you can choose both
Tornadoes and Hurricanes.Twisters are a type of tornado.
I suggest you look at some of the possibilites there.
You will find both interesting written information 
and photographs and charts.
You can save some of the pictures and then
use them to illustrate you report.
If you do not know how to get to YAHOOLIGANS,
 use the following instructions.
Instructions to reach Yahooligans.
 1. Choose SCIENCE at the KIDDONET Homework Helper
 2. From the Science List , Choose ASK ABOUT IT.
 3. Now Click on ASK DR UNIVERSE and enter the site.
 4. Once in the site, scroll down to find YAHOOLIGANS.
 5. Click on YAHOOLIGANS and once inside you can go to one of the different 
     categories :Choose Science and Nature
 6. You can either look into the categories which are further divided up or
 7. Put in search words if you want to look for a specific subject .
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 How many diagonals does a 10 sided polygon have? 

 Hi,

A four sided polygon has 2 diagonals.
A five sided polygon has 5 diagonals.
A six sided polygon has 9 diagonals.
A seven sided polygon has 14 diagonals.

These four figures I counted diagonals by drawing the polygons
and writing/counting diagonals.

We notice a pattern...between a 4 and 5 sided polygon, the
number of diagonals increase by 3.

Between a 5 and 6 sided polygon, the number of diagonals is
increased by 4.

Between a 6 and 7 sided polygon, the number of diagonals is
increased by 5, so we expect the increase in the number
of diagonals between a 7 and 8 sided polygon to be 6, so

A 8 sided polygon will have 20 diagonals.

We expect the increase in diagonals between an 8 and 9 sided 
polygon to be 7, so a 9 sided polygon will have 27 diagonals.

We expect the increase in diagonals between a 9 and 10 sided
polygon to be 8, so a 10 sided polygon will have 35 diagonals.

You can check this to be sure by drawing a 10 sided polygon, and
counting diagonals in a systematic way.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Helper

 what is the symbol for the peridoical table for wood brass and rubber 

 Dear Friend,
The Periodic Table has names, symbols and proerties
for all the substances which are elements.Elements are pure
substances made up of only one kind of atom.
Wood, brass and rubber are NOT made up of only one kind of
atom. They are either compounds or mixtures of a kind.
Therefore they do not appear on the Periodic Table and
they don not have SYmbols there!
Ingrid, Your science Helper.

 how many planets are in the solar system?
 

 Dear Friend,
THere are 9 planets in our solar system.
You can find more about them if you go to
the Science Section  at the Kiddonet HOmework Helper.
Click on Space and then choose the site called 
"Welcome to the PLanets"
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper.

 what are commom  and proper nouns 

 A common noun is any noun which does not name any particular 
person, place, thing, or idea. Common nouns are not capitalized.

child, country, rainbow, nincompoop, winter, happiness, love

A proper noun noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing
or idea.  Proper nouns are capitalized.

Sandra Day O'Connor, Grand Ole Opry, Corvette, Call of the Wild,
Friday, December, America

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how big are the continents and the 4 oceans 

 CONTINENTS:

Asia:            44.0  million sq. km.
Africa:          30.3    "    
North America:   24.3    "
South America:   17.8    "
Antartica:       13.2    "
Europe:          10.4    "


OCEANS:

Pacific         166.2   million sq. km.
Atlantic         86.6    "
Indian           73.4    "
Arctic            9.5    "

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what two odd numbers have a product of 141? 

 Hi,

You've asked a very interesting question.  Our number is
141, and the ones digit is 1.  If we are multiplying odd numbers,
together then the only combination of odd numbers when multiplied
together that give us a 1 in the ones digit would have to
end  be a odd number ending in 3 and an odd number ending in 7.

So, the first number I'll try is 3* something.  To figure out
that something, use a calculator...take 141/3=47.  So, 3*47=141

We just found two odd numbers that have a product of 141.
This means that 141=3*47...since 3 and 47 are both prime numbers.
There is another possible answer which is of course 141 and 1.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Helper

 how do you have sex? 

 This is a serious question and deserves a serious answer.

The answer is responsibly, with someone very special you love and
who loves you.  Promiscuous sex is both dangerous and dehumanizing.
Do not rush into a romantic relationship before you get to know
that person well - and even then, many people feel that sex can
and should wait until marriage - when you are truly committed to 
know and grow with the whole person for life!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 WHAT WERE SOME GREEK ACCOMPLISHMENTS? HOW DID 
RELATIIVE LOCATION INFLUENCE THOSE 
ACCOMPLISHMENTS? 

 Greek accomplishments were many.  Because Greece was located on 
the sea at the intersection of Asia, Africa, and Europe, it 
had alot of interaction with all parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. 
Some of the greatest accomplishments were in the areas of philosophy 
(for example Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle were Greeks)
and the arts (the arts can include architecture and drama and 
literature. Sophocles was a great dramatist, for example, and 
Homer wrote the long epic poem, "The Odyssey," which is where 
we get alot of our mythic, heroic gods, like Zeus.)

There's lots more but this is a start.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper



  

 I'm doing a report on avacado fruit and I need information about. 

 Avocado, also alligator pear, is a common name for a tree, Persea 
americana,  of the family Lauraceae, native to 
tropical America, and for the fruit of this tree. The fruit is a 
greenish, thick-skinned drupe, similar in size and shape to a 
large pear. When ripe, the flesh has the consistency of firm 
butter and a faint nutlike flavor. It has a high fat content, 
containing 10 to 20 percent oil, and is rich in protein. In the 
United States avocado is popular as a salad vegetable, and in the 
Tropics it is often used in soup. The tree is extensively 
cultivated in the southern United States and California.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Why were relations between white settlers and Native Americans more Peaceful in Pennsylvania than in New England? 

 Good question.  From my knowledge of history, I'd say the reason
may have to do with the fact that Pennsylvania was settled by 
Quakers, who were a persecuted minority religion and probably 
understood suffering well and were peaceable people (today the
American Friends Service, a peace-making group is made up of 
Quakers or those with Quaker ideals).  Therefore, they didn't try 
to conquer the Native Americans or exploit them as much as the
New Englanders, who were mainly Puritans, with the idea that the
white man reigned supreme and his role was to be the guardian or
protector or converter of the infidels, or non-believers.

That's one analysis.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper   

 who defeated the aztecs.
 

 Friction within their own groups and the Spaniards, led by 
Hernandez Cortes, who they thought was a god.  

Here's more detailed information if you need it.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper


The Aztecs formed military alliances with other groups, creating 
an empire that extended from central Mexico to the Guatemalan 
border. In the early 15th century Tenochtitl·n ruled jointly with 
the city-states of Texcoco and Tlateluco (now Tacuba). Within 100 
years the Aztecs seized complete power, and although kingships 
remained in the other city-states, these became merely honorary 
titles.

By the end of Montezuma II's reign, in 1520, 38 tributary 
provinces had been established; however, some of the tribes at 
the fringes of the Aztec Empire remained fiercely independent.
Because of these divisions and internal strife within the 
far-flung Aztec Empire, Cortes was easily able to defeat the 
empire by 1521. In addition to domestic problems contributing 
to the downfall, the emperor Montezuma naively welcomed the 
conqueror Cortes, thinking him to be the god Quetzalcoatl 
(the Plumed Serpent).

 what are the maya's and the aztecs? 

 I don't know how much you need so I've sent you a lot of 
information.  That way you can take what you need and discard the
rest.  Good luck on your report or whatever you need the 
information for.  Next time please give your email so you get what
you ask for faster; include it in the requested data section before
your question.  Thanks.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Maya, group of related American Indian tribes of nations of the Mayan linguistic stock, living in Mexico, in the states of Veracruz, Yucat·n, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas, and also in the greater part of Guatemala and in parts of Belize and Honduras. The best-known tribe, the Maya proper, after whom the entire group is named, occupies the Yucatan Peninsula. Among the other important tribes are the Huastec of northern Veracruz; the Tzental of Tabasco and Chiapas; the Chol of Chiapas; the Quiche, Cakchiquel, Pokonchi, and Pokomam of the Guatemalan highlands; and the Chorti of eastern Guatemala and western Honduras. With the exception of the Huastec, these tribes occupy contiguous territory. They were all part of a common civilization, which in many respects achieved the highest development among the original inhabitants of the western hemisphere.

Agriculture formed the basis of the Mayan economy in pre-Columbian times, maize being the principal crop. Cotton, beans, squash, manioc (see: Cassava), and cacao were also grown. The techniques of spinning, dyeing, and weaving cotton were highly perfected. The Maya domesticated the dog and the turkey but had no draft animals or wheeled vehicles. They produced fine pottery, unequaled in the New World outside of Peru. Cacao beans and copper bells were used as units of exchange. Copper was also used for ornamental purposes, as were gold, silver, jade, shell, and colorful plumage. Metal tools, however, were unknown. The tribes were ruled by hereditary chiefs, descended in the male line, who delegated authority over village communities to local chieftains. Land, held in common by each village, was parceled out by these chieftains to the separate families. See: American Indians.

Architecture
Mayan culture produced a remarkable architecture, of which great ruins remain at a large number of places, including Palenque, Uxmal, Mayapan, Cop·n, Tikal, Uaxact·n, and ChichÈn Itz·. These sites were vast centers for religious ceremonies. The usual plan consisted of a number of pyramidal mounds, often surmounted by temples or other buildings, grouped around open plazas. The pyramids, built in successive steps, were faced with cut stone blocks and generally had a steep stairway built into one or more of their sides. The substructure of the pyramids was usually made of earth and rubble, but sometimes mortared blocks of stone were used. The commonest type of construction consisted of a core of rubble or broken limestone mixed with mortar, and then faced with finished stones or stucco. Stone walls were also frequently laid without mortar. Wood was used for door lintels and for sculpture. The arch was not known, but its effect was approximated in roofing buildings by making the upper layers of stone of two parallel walls approach each other in successive projections until they met overhead. This system, requiring very heavy walls, produced narrow interiors. Windows were rare and were small and narrow. Interiors and exteriors were painted in bright colors. Exteriors received special attention and were lavishly decorated with painted sculpture, carved lintels, stucco moldings, and stone mosaics. The decorations generally were arranged in wide friezes contrasting with bands of plain masonry. Commoners' dwellings probably resembled the adobe and palm-thatched huts seen today among Mayan descendants.

Writings
Codex Tro
The Mayan peoples developed a method of hieroglyphic notation and recorded mythology, history, and rituals in inscriptions carved and painted on stelae (stone slabs or pillars); on lintels and stairways; and on other monumental remains (see: Hieroglyphs). Records were also painted in hieroglyphs and preserved in books of folded sheets of paper made from the fibers of the maguey plant. Four examples of these codices have been preserved: the Codex Dresdensis, now in Dresden; the Perez Codex, now in Paris; and the Codex Tro and the Codex Cortesianus, both now in Madrid. The Codex Tro and Codex Cortesianus comprise parts of a single original document and are commonly known under the joint name Codex Tro-Cortesianus. These books were used as divinatory almanacs containing topics such as agriculture, weather, disease, hunting, and astronomy.

Calendar and Religion
Chronology among the Maya was determined by an elaborate calendar system. The year began when the sun crossed the zenith on July 16 and consisted of 365 days; 364 of the days were divided into 28 weeks of 13 days each, the new year beginning on the 365th day. In addition, 360 days of the year were divided into 18 months of 20 days each. The series of weeks and the series of months both ran consecutively and independently of each other; however, once every 260 days, that is, the multiple of 13 and 20, the week and the month began on the same day. The Mayan calendar, although highly complex, was the most accurate known to humans until the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. See: Calendar.

The Mayan religion centered about the worship of a large number of nature gods. Chac, a god of rain, was especially important in popular ritual. Among the supreme deities were Kukulcan, a creator god closely related to the Toltec and Aztec Quetzalcoatl, and Itzamna, a sky god. An important Mayan trait was their complete trust in the gods' control of certain units of time and of all peoples' activities during those periods.

Linguistic Stock
Maya, called also Yucatec, the language of the Maya proper, is spoken by about 350,000 people in Yucat·n, Guatemala, and Belize. The other languages of the Mayan stock include the language of the Huastec and several groups of closely affiliated languages, including those of the ChaÒabal, Chol, Chontal, Chorti, Chuj, Jacaltec, Motozintlec, Tzental, and Tzotzil; those of the Kekchi, Pokomam, and Pokonchi; those of the Cakchiquel, QuichÈ, Tzutuhil, and Uspantec; and those of the Aguacatec, Ixil, and Mam. See: American Indian Languages.

History
Tulum, Mexico
The origins of Mayan civilization are conjectural, depending on conflicting interpretations of archaeological evidence. The Formative period began at least as early as 1500 bc. During the Classic period, from about ad 300 to 900, a more or less uniform civilization was diffused throughout the Mayan territories. Great ceremonial centers such as Palenque, Tikal, and Cop·n were built. About 900, however, the Mayan centers were mysteriously abandoned. Some Maya migrated into Yucat·n.

During the Post-Classic period, from 900 to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, Mayan civilization centered in Yucat·n. A Toltec migration or invasion from the valley of Mexico strongly influenced its art styles. ChichÈn Itz· and Mayap·n were prominent cities. For a while the league of Mayap·n maintained the peace, but after a period of civil war and revolution, the cities were abandoned. The Spanish easily overcame the major Mayan groups, although the Mexican government did not succeed in subduing the last independent communities until 1901. In the late 20th century the Maya made up the bulk of the peasant population in their former lands.

Aztec, Indian people who dominated central and southern Mexico from the 14th to the 16th century and who are best known for having established an empire based on conquest, tribute paying, and the religious sacrifice of humans and animals.

Their name is derived from a mythical homeland to the north called Azatl·n; they also called themselves the Mexica. The Aztec language belongs to the Nahuatlan branch of the Uto-Aztecan family.

Origins
Aztec Empire
After the fall of the Toltec civilization (flourished 10th-11th century), waves of immigrants flooded into Mexico's central plateau area around Lake Texcoco. As late arrivals, the Aztecs were forced to occupy the swampy area on the western side of the lake. They were surrounded by powerful neighbors who exacted tribute from them, and their only piece of dry land was a tiny island surrounded by marshes.

That the Aztecs were able to convert this disadvantageous beginning into a powerful empire within two centuries was due in part to their belief in a certain legend. According to this legend, they would establish a great civilization in a marshy area where they would see a cactus growing out of a rock and, perched on the cactus, an eagle eating a snake. The priests supposedly saw this when they arrived in the dismal swamp. (This belief was so strong that even today the eagle, cactus, and serpent appear on all Mexican paper money.)

As the Aztecs grew in number, they established superior military and civil organizations. By 1325 they founded the city of Tenochtitl·n (located on the site of present-day Mexico City).

The Capital City
The shallow lake bed was converted by the Aztecs into chinampas  (highly productive gardens formed by piling up mud from the lake bottom to make artificial islands). Causeways and bridges were built to connect the city to the mainland, aqueducts were constructed, and canals were dug throughout the city for easy transportation of goods and people. When the Spanish arrived they called it the Venice of the New World. Religious structures dominated the landscapeógiant, stepped, limestone-faced pyramids on which temples were erected.

As a result of its location and superior organization, the city flourished. By the time Hern·n CortÈs arrived in 1519, the great market was attracting up to 60,000 people daily. Goods were brought into Aztec hands by tribute agreements with conquered territories, and many goods were exported from the city to be traded in other parts of the Aztec Empire and Central America.

The Aztec Confederation
The Aztecs formed military alliances with other groups, creating an empire that extended from central Mexico to the Guatemalan border. In the early 15th century Tenochtitl·n ruled jointly with the city-states of Texcoco and TlatelÛco (now Tacuba). Within 100 years the Aztecs seized complete power, and although kingships remained in the other city-states, these became merely honorary titles.

By the end of Montezuma II's reign, in 1520, 38 tributary provinces had been established; however, some of the tribes at the fringes of the Aztec Empire remained fiercely independent. Because of these divisions and internal strife within the far-flung Aztec Empire, CortÈs was easily able to defeat the empire by 1521. In addition to domestic problems contributing to the downfall, the emperor Montezuma naively welcomed the conqueror CortÈs, thinking him to be the god Quetzalcoatl (the Plumed Serpent).

Aztec Society and Religion
Aztec Pictographic Writing
Aztec society was divided into three classes: slave, commoner, and nobility. Slave status was similar to that of an indentured servant. Although children of poor parents could be sold into servitude, it was often only for a specific time period. Slaves could buy their freedom, and those who escaped from their masters and reached the royal palace without being caught were immediately given their freedom. Commoners, or maceualtin , were given lifetime ownership of a plot of land on which to build their houses. The lowest group of commoners (tlalmaitl ), however, were not allowed to own property; they were tenant farmers. The nobility comprised nobles by birth, priests, and those (especially warriors) who earned their rank.

In Aztec religion numerous gods ruled over daily life. Among these were Uitzilopochtli (sun god), Coyolxauhqui (moon goddess, who, in Aztec myth, was murdered by her brother the sun god), Tlaloc (rain god), and Quetzalcoatl (inventor of writing and the calendar and also associated with the planet Venus and with resurrection).

Human and animal sacrifices were an integral part of Aztec religion. For warriors, the ultimate honor was to be slain in battle or to volunteer for sacrifice in a major ritual. Prisoners were often used for less important rituals. Victims would ascend the steps of the pyramid, where priests would then stretch them across a convex stone and rip their hearts out with a sharp knife.

The Aztecs used pictographic writing that was recorded on paper or animal hides. Some of these writings, called codices, exist today. They also used a calendar system developed by the earlier Mayan civilization. This system consisted of 365 days, divided into 18 months of 20 days to which were added 5 ìhollowî days, thought of as very bad luck. Another calendar, having 260 days (20 months of 13 days), was used exclusively for divination.

Aztec People Today
Modern Aztecs live in the vicinity of Mexico City and number well over 1 million. They are the largest aboriginal group in Mexico. These people are mainly illiterate subsistence farmers whose ties to the modern Mexican culture are slim. They retain the Aztec-Nahua language; their religion is a blend of Aztec and Roman Catholicism. 

 How long can crayfish get in inches.


 

 Dear Friend,
There are many diffent type of cray fish. In each kind the
adult is a diferent size. 
Some are about 3 centimeters in size and others can
be up to 30 cm in length.
Ingrid, your Science Helper.

 Why do some places have earthquakes and others places don't? 

 Dear Friend,
          Earthquakes usually happen at places where cracks in the
earths surface formed a long time ago. These cracks
are called FAULTS. So major earthquakes usually happen at places where
there are FAULTS.
To find out more I suggest that you find internet
sites which can show you what happens and give you information.
A good place to start looking is at YAHOOLIGANS, which you can reach
 from the KIDDONET HOMEWORK HELPER  (See instructions below)
Two sites from there that will help ou are:
http://www.enviroweb.org/carnegie/earthquake_where.html

http://www.exploratorium.com/faultline/earthquakescience/eqscience2.html

Instructions to reach Yahooligans.
 1. Choose SCIENCE at the KIDDONET Homework Helper
 2. From the Science List , Choose ASK ABOUT IT.
 3. Now Click on ASK DR UNIVERSE and enter the site.
 4. Once in the site, scroll down to find YAHOOLIGANS.
 5. Click on YAHOOLIGANS and once inside you can go to one of the different 
            categories :Choose Science and Nature
 6. You can either look into the categories which are further divided up or
 7. Put in search words "Earthquake "
   to look for your specific subject .
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 i need a picture of the human body labelling the organs 

 Our SCIENCE teacher may know of a good web site or maybe our Kiddo-
Net online Encyclopedia will have a picture you can copy.  Go to 
www.kiddonet.com and ask your question of the SCIENCE Homework
Helper because anatomy, the study of the body, is a Science 
area.  Thanks.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Where can I find out about artists that paint natural form art - close up? 

 You really need to consult with an art teacher, but I'll try to 
help you.  There are artists like Georgia O'Keeffe who painted 
natural forms close up.  Here is some information on her.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

O'Keeffe, Georgia (1887-1986), American abstract painter, famous 
for the purity and lucidity of her still-life compositions. 
O'Keeffe was born in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, and studied at the 
Art Institute of Chicago and the Art Students League of New York. 
She taught art in Texas from 1913 to 1918. In 1916 the American 
photographer and art gallery director Alfred Stieglitz (whom she 
married in 1924) became interested in her abstract drawings and 
exhibited them at ì291,î his gallery in New York City; her work 
was shown annually in Stieglitz's galleries until his death in 
1946.

O'Keeffe, who moved to New Mexico in 1949, is best known for her 
large paintings of desert flowers and scenery, in which single 
blossoms or objects such as a cow's skull are presented as if in 
close-up. Although O'Keeffe handles her subject matter 
representationally, the starkly linear quality, the thin, clear 
coloring, and the boldly patterned composition produce abstract 
designs. A number of her works have a surrealistic effect, the 
flower paintings in particularósuch as Black Iris  
(1926, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City) having sexual 
connotations.

In the 1960s, inspired by a series of airplane flights, O'Keeffe 
introduced motifs of sky and clouds, as seen from the air, into 
her paintings. One of her largest works is the 7.3-m (24-ft) wide
mural Sky above Clouds  (1965, collection of the artist). 
O'Keeffe's paintings hang in museums and private collections 
throughout the U.S.

 please can you tell me somthing about the prehistoric man.
 for the sge of 10 years
grade 5 

 Thanks for the question.  Next time please list your email on 
the requested information form for a fast personal response.

Anyway, here's some information.  If it is too difficult for you,
maybe look up under www.kiddonet.com for the Homework Helper
encyclopedia and type in Prehistoric man.  TRY THIS INFO FIRST!

[Mike Online - Your KiddoNet Homework Helper]

During the 19th century the discoveries of a Neanderthal fossil 
in Germany (1856) and the remains of Java Man (in the 1890s) gave
impressive evidence of an extremely long process of human 
evolution. Other archaeological finds such as masses of ancient 
stone tools found near Paris by the Abbe Boucher de 
Perthes testified to a long, slow development of human 
prehistory, perhaps lasting hundreds of thousands of years.

HERE'S MORE INFORMATION BUT IT IS VERY DETAILED. TRY TO READ IT
SLOWLY AND YOU WILL GET SOME GOOD SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT
HOW AND WHAT WE CAN FIND OUT ABOUT PREHISTORIC MAN.  BY THE WAY,
ANTHROPOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF HUMANS.  THIS INFORMATION IS ABOUT 
THE STUDY OF PREHISTORIC HUMANS.  

PLEASE DON'T LET A FEW BIG WORDS BELOW SCARE YOU AWAY!

Evolution of Humans
Skulls of Prehistoric Man
Leakey Family
One branch of physical anthropology is now widely known because of the work of a family of paleoanthropologists: Louis S. B. Leakey, who was Anglo-Kenyan; his wife, Mary, who was British; and their son, Richard, Kenyan. Their discovery during the 1960s of a series of fossils in Olduvai Gorge in East Africa led to major revisions in the understanding of human biological evolution. Fossil remains unearthed in the late 1970s and 1980s have provided further evidence that in the period from 1 to 3 million years ago the genus Homo  (ìtrue humanî) coexisted in East Africa with other advanced man-ape forms known as australopithecines. Both of these hominids appear to be descendants of an Ethiopian fossil, Australopithecus afarensis,  3 to 3.7 million years old (the famous ìLucy,î a skeleton found in 1974). These ancient ancestors of humans had the legs and body for walking bipedally, which freed the hands for manipulating objects. A recently discovered set of remains from the Olduvai Gorge, uncovered by researchers from the University of California, adds further weight to the view that human evolutionary progression was quite uneven. This new fossil, approximately 1.8 million years old, includes arm and leg bones that give evidence of relatively advanced upright, bipedal locomotion, but small brain size and indications of marked differences in stature between males and females, not much different from ìLucy.î

Crude stone artifacts found with some Homo  fossils in the East African sites demonstrate tool-making and tool-using capabilities going back nearly 3 million years. This technical ability contributed to the apparent evolutionary successóhence the name Homo habilis  (handy human). Compared with the vegetarian australopithecines, the Homo habilis  ancestors of modern human beings appear to have been developing toward considerable meat eating, judging from the conformation of the teeth and evidence of tool use.

As the number and variety of hominid fossil discoveries have accumulated, it seems that Africa, rather than Asia, is the probable center of earliest human evolution. The newest Homo habilis  fossil discoveries suggest a creature (female) only about 91 cm (about 3 ft) tall. The usual brain size of the adult form was about 750 cc (about 46 cu in). The remains of a larger Homo  species, however, with a brain size averaging more than 900 cc (more than 55 cu in), have been discovered in East Africa, dating from about 1.5 million years ago. This larger protohuman, now usually referred to as Homo erectus,  spread from Africa to Europe and Asia perhaps a million years ago, with an increasingly diversified tool-making inventory.

The best known remains of Homo erectus  are the famous Java Man, formerly known technically as Pithecanthropus,  and the equally well-known Peking Man, a collection of skeletal materials found at Zhoukoudian (Chou-k'ou-tien) near Beijing, originally labeled Sinanthropus pekinensis.  Both are much younger than the East African Homo habilis  materials and date from about 750,000 to 300,000 years ago. The Beijing fossils are especially interesting because the brain size is even larger than that of the Java materials, averaging more than 1050 cc (more than 64 cu in), and the skull and other bone materials are slightly more ìmodern.î Homo erectus  fossils have also been found in Europe and Africa, with many stone tools and other evidence of a simple hunting-gathering culture. At Zhoukoudian the archaeologists found the oldest evidence of human use of fire, as well as indications of cannibalism.

The famed Neanderthal specimens and dozens of similar fossils are believed by some anthropologists to be a direct part of human ancestry; others believe they were a side branch of Homo sapiens  that died out tens of thousands of years ago. From 100,000 to 35,000 years ago Neanderthals were a numerous hunting-gathering people in much of Europe and the Middle East. They were robustly built, with heavy brow ridges and an average brain size of about 1500 cc (about 92 cu in), greater than that of most modern Homo sapiens sapiens.  Some fossils have been found that appear to be intermediate between Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens . Such remains may be evidence of ìintermarriageî between Neanderthal peoples and the direct ancestors of humans; or they may simply reflect a wide range of variation in a single Homo sapiens  population. Since the last phases of the Ice Ages, about 20,000 to 10,000 years ago, large numbers of skeletal remains resembling modern humans have been found in Europe and Africa and elsewhere.

The Americas have produced no human skeletal materials older than about 15,000 years, and the few specimens that are several thousand years old are all Homo sapiens sapiens . It seems clear that biological evolution leading to modern humanity took place in the Old World.

 Who is the US Representatives for Schaumburg, Il?
  Who is the US Secretary of Defense?
  Who is the President Pro-tem of the US Senate? 

 For this information - and to get used to using the internet for 
very serious research, I would recommend the following website, 
which is actually a search engine. There you simply type in the 
question, possibly in a shortened form and you will be surprised 
at the current information you get.  You can also access 
information through www.kiddonet.com  Homework Helper and then 
check out the links to government sites such as CIA.

Otherwise, please go to this location:

http://www.altavista.com   (and Bookmark it)

If you have problems, contact Homework Helper again and I'll try 
to get the information for you.  It's just that since you're 
going into high school next year, it is very important to surf the
net with a specific purpose in mind.  We at KIDDONET can help you
both with answers and recommendations.

By the way, if you are from Illinois, one way to get one part of
the information would be to call the Schaumburg Municipality or
City Hall.  Another idea would be to call the Chicago Tribune
and ask for City Desk; they'll refer you or give you the answer.  

Good luck.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper   

 What is something special about every state in the northeast.  Please give me pictures  like a lighthouse for Maine. 

 There is so much information about each of the states in the 
Northeast:  Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New York.  If I were you, I would
look up each state in the KiddoNet Homework Helper encyclopedia
link and see what YOU think is special about each state.  Maybe
you could also ask someone who knows the Northeast well to
answer your questions.  The license plate of each state usually 
says something about what that state represents to its people, too.

By the way, we can't provide pictures, but if you go to a 
travel agent, they may give you pictures AND also answer your 
question since it is their business to know special things about 
the various areas of the country so tourists will visit there!

Good luck.  I think you'll find the information from one of the
ways I've given you above.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helpe  

 I require help upon the subject of Amazonia Rainforests.Basically I would want to know the minerals found within a place called Rondonia. 

 Here are two areas of information: Rain Forest and Amazon.
This should give you the information for your report.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Rain Forest, the tropical forest of the earth's equatorial zone, found in areas where the rainfall is abundant year-round and totals 200-400 cm (80-160 in) annually. There are more species of plants and animals in tropical rain forests than all the rest of the world's ecosystems combined. About 70 percent of all plant species in these forests are trees, with the upper tree story composed of solitary, 60-m (200-ft) giants. A lower story of trees characteristically forms a continuous canopy. Woody vines, or lianas, are abundant, as are plants called epiphytes (including orchids, mosses, and bromeliads), which grow on other plants. Little light reaches the forest floor. There is almost no leaf litter, and soils are therefore relatively infertile.

When cleared for agriculture, rain forest soils can sustain only a few crop plantings before turning into impenetrable crusts. Rain forests are now being cleared at an ever-increasing rate worldwide due to commercial timber cutting and the agricultural needs of expanding populations. This large-scale destruction is leading to the greatest number of plant and animal extinctions ever experienced on the earth. It is also resulting in increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, because of the burning and decay of the felled trees and the removal of rain forest plants as users of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

Amazon (Portuguese and Spanish Amazonas ), river, northern South America, largely in Brazil, ranked as the largest in the world in terms of watershed area, number of tributaries, and volume of water discharged. Measuring about 6275 km (about 3900 mi) from source to mouth, it is second in length only to the Nile among the rivers of the world. With its hundreds of tributaries, the Amazon drains a territory of more than 6 million sq km (2.3 million sq mi), roughly half of which is in Brazil; the rest is in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Venezuela. It is estimated that the Amazon discharges between 34 and 121 million liters (9 and 32 million gal) of water per second and deposits a daily average of 3 million tons of sediment near its mouth. The annual outflow from the river accounts for one-fifth of all the fresh water that drains into the oceans of the world. The outpouring of water and sediment is so vast that the salinity and color of the Atlantic Ocean are altered for a distance of about 320 km (about 200 mi) from the mouth of the river.

Course and Physical Environment
Amazon River, South America
The major headstreams of the Amazon are the Ucayali and MaraÒÛn rivers, both of which rise in the permanent snows and glaciers of the high Andes Mountains and follow parallel courses north before joining near Nauta, Peru. From this confluence the main trunk of the Amazon flows in a generally eastern direction to the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon enters the Atlantic through a broad estuary, roughly estimated at 240 km (about 150 mi) in width. Here delta deposits have formed a maze of islands that separate the river into branches. The mouth of the main stream is 80 km (50 mi) wide. This branch, known as the Par·, is separated from a smaller branch by MarajÛ Island, which has an area of more than 36,000 sq km (14,000 sq mi). During new and full moon a tidal bore, or wave front from the ocean, sweeps some 650 km (more than 400 mi) upstream at speeds in excess of 65 km/hr (40 mph). This phenomenon often causes waves up to 5 m (16 ft) in height.

The Amazon watershed includes the largest and wettest tropical plain in the world. Heavy rains drench much of the densely forested lowland region throughout the year but especially between January and June. Seasonal variation in rainfall is reflected by the width, rate of flow, and discharge volume of the river. During the months of maximum precipitation, broad areas traversed by the Amazon are subject to severe floods. In Brazil the width of the river ranges between 1.6 and 10 km (1 and 6 mi) at low stage but expands to 48 km (30 mi) or more during the annual floods; the rate of flow ranges between 2.4 and 8 km/hr (1.5 and 5 mph); and the crest of the water at flood time often rises 15 m (50 ft) above the norm. To drain the vast mass of water, the Amazon has carved a deep bed in the plain through which it flows. In one sector near ”bidos, Brazil, the bed is more than 91 m (300 ft) below the average surface level of its water.

Because of its vastness, annual floods, and navigability, the Amazon is often called the Ocean River. The total number of its tributaries is as yet uncounted, but more than 200 are in Brazil alone. Seventeen of the largest known tributaries are more than 1600 km (1000 mi) in length. The Amazon proper is navigable to ocean liners of virtually any tonnage for two-thirds of its course. Transatlantic ships call regularly at Manaus, nearly 1600 km (1000 mi) upstream; and ships of 3000 tons can reach Iquitos, Peru, 3700 km (2300 mi) from the river's mouth, the farthest point from sea of any port serving ocean traffic. River steamers of more modest tonnage can navigate on more than 100 of the larger tributaries.

Exploration and Development
Amazon Rain Forest
The delta region of the Amazon may have been discovered by Vicente Y·Òez PinzÛn in 1500, but exploration did not begin until 1540-41, when an expedition led by Francisco de Orellana started down the Napo River, in what is now Ecuador, and reached the Atlantic Ocean. Pedro Teixeira undertook the first upstream voyage. Between October 1637 and August 1638 he ascended the Amazon to the source of the Napo River and crossed the Andes to Quito, Ecuador. Later, he returned by the same route. In modern times the river has been explored by many scientific expeditions, including that led (1914) by Theodore Roosevelt and others sponsored by the National Geographic Society and the government of Brazil.

Some authorities believe that the river was named after the Amazons, women warriors of Greek mythology who were thought to reside in the region; other scholars insist that the name is derived from the Indian word amassona   (ìboat destroyerî).

Despite centuries of effort to overcome the dominance of nature, people have made little impact on the Amazon and most of its vast drainage basin. No bridge spans the river. Except near its mouth, the Amazon watershed constitutes one of the most thinly populated regions in the world. Much of the territory drained by the river system has never been thoroughly explored. One may fly for hours over the tropical forests that cover much of the river's floodplain and see no sign of human settlement. In many stream valleys, Indian tribes hostile to strangers continue to live much as they did before the arrival of the Europeans. Most commerce is narrowly confined to the navigable sectors of the river system. The economy continues to be dominated by primitive agriculture, hunting and fishing, and the gathering of various forest products. Commercial farming, tourism, and industry play only a minor role in the region, but mining and lumbering, the principal economic activities, are increasingly important. In the 1980s Brazil, under pressure from international conservation groups, started to ensure that efforts to develop the Amazon did not irrevocably compromise the nation's forest resources.

 how meany gods are there in greek methology 

 I can't give you a count but here's some information you can
use, I believe.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Principal Divinities
Hermes with the Infant Dionysus
Europa
Wives of Zeus
The celestial gods were thought to dwell in the sky or on Mount Olympus in Thessaly. The earth, or chthonic (Greek chthÛn,  ìearthî), deities were thought to dwell on or under the earth, and were closely associated with the heroes and the dead. The lines separating these divine orders were indefinite, and the deities of one order were not infrequently found in another. The gods were held to be immortal; yet they were also believed to have had a beginning. They were represented as exercising control over the world and the forces of nature. This control, however, was limited by Ananke, the personification of necessity, to which even the gods bowed.

At the head of the divine hierarchy was Zeus, the spiritual father of gods and men. His wife was Hera, queen of heaven and guardian of the sanctity of marriage. Associated with them as the chief divinities of heaven were Hephaestus, god of fire and the patron of metalworkers; Athena, the virgin goddess of wisdom and war, preeminent as a civic goddess; Apollo, deity of light, poetry, and music, and his sister Artemis, goddess of wildlife and, later, of the moon; Ares, god of war, and his consort, Aphrodite, goddess of love; Hermes, the divine messenger, later, god of science and invention; and Hestia, goddess of the hearth. Around these greater gods and goddesses were grouped a host of lesser deities, some of whom enjoyed particular distinction in certain localities. Among them were Helios, the sun; Selene, the moon (antedating Artemis); the attendants of the Olympians, such as the Graces; the Muses; Iris, goddess of the rainbow; Hebe, goddess of youth and cupbearer of the gods; and Ganymede, the male counterpart of Hebe. The sea was ruled by Poseidon, the worship of whom was often accompanied by worship of his wife, Amphitrite. In their train were the Nereids, Tritons, and other minor sea deities.

The chief chthonic deities were Hades, ruler of the underworld, and his wife, Persephone, the daughter of Demeter. Demeter herself was usually accounted an Olympian, but as the bestower of grain and the knowledge of agriculture, she was more closely connected with the earth. Another Olympian whose tutelary functions were likewise of an earthly character was Dionysus, god of the grape and of wine. He was accompanied by bands of satyrs, the horsetailed sylvan demigods; Sileni, the plump, bald vintage deities; and maenads, nymphs who celebrated the orgiastic rites of Dionysus. Also among the more important divinities of the Greek pantheon were Gaea, the earth mother; Asclepius, the god of healing; and Pan, the great Arcadian god of flocks, pastures, and forests.

Invocation of the Gods
The ancient Greeks had a strong sense of weakness before the grand and terrifying powers of nature, and they acknowledged their dependence on the divine beings by whom they believed those powers to be controlled. In general, the relations between gods and mortals were cordial, divine wrath being reserved for those who transgressed the limits assigned to human activities and who, by overweening pride, reckless ambition, or even immoderate prosperity, provoked divine displeasure and brought upon themselves Nemesis, the personification of retributive justice. The saying of the historian Herodotus, ìThe god suffers none but himself to be proud,î epitomizes a philosophy that pervades the whole of classical Greek literature. The sense of human limitation was thus an integral feature of Greek religion; the gods, the sole source of the good or evil that befell mortals, were approached with invocation and sacrifice in thanksgiving for past blessings or in entreaty for future favors.

In front of many a street door stood the conical stone of Apollo Agyieus (Apollo of the Thoroughfare); in the courtyard was placed the alter of Zeus Herkeios (Zeus as the patron of family ties); at the hearth Hestia was worshiped; and bedchamber, kitchen, and storeroom each had its appropriate divinity. From birth to death the ancient Greek invoked the gods on every memorable occasion. Because the very existence of the state was believed to depend on divine favor, the festivals of the gods were celebrated with devout regularity under the supervision of high officials, and public gratitude for unexpected deliverance or unusual prosperity was marked by rich votive offerings.

 muslim family life 

 This is a large topic that has to be thought through carefully
You can probably find information by calling, say, the 
Consulate of Saudi Arabia and asking them where to look or
going to AltaVista search engine and typing in your topic or
going to a library and asking the librarian to help you look for
a book or reference book on the topic.   Or maybe there is
a Muslim mosque near you; visit it and ask your question for
a firsthand answer. Good luck.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What colour is a giraffe's tongue 

 Dear Friend,
         Giraffes have a very long tongue, which can be twisted
around leaves and branches.
The color of its tongue is certainly not pink like ours,
 but rather a black color,
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 i am writting a essay about maturity and i need some ideas can you help??? 

 This is not an east topic unless you have some perspective on
what maturity is.  I assume you do or are learning.

One of the most interesting wasys to write about almost anything,
including maturity, is to write a real or imagined case in which
someone starts off immature and is faced with a situation which 
requires a show of maturity.  Maybe it's a frighted child who
is suddently faced with a fire in the home and has to single-
handedely bring people to safely.  Of course, not all signs of 
maturity have to be big sensational dramas. 

Another way to approach the subject is to interview older people 
in nursing homes or even older family members and ask them how 
they define maturiy and also to cite at least one example in their
own life that required maturity to go on living and growing wiser.
You let them talk and you write down or record their words.

Good luck on a good project.  I hope these ideas will help you.  
There is work to be done but alot about human nature and 
how a person acts at a time of major challenge can be learned by 
you.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homeworik Helper

 My science fair project is "How Computers Work". Do you know any internet sites that can help me?  

 Dear Friend,
 THere is a really COOL site called "How Stuff Works"
and there you can find out how anything works,including computers.
GO to http://www.howstuffworks.com/category-computers.htm.
a nother internet site which may be easier for you to follow is
http://www.megweb.uct.ac.za/dos1998/starting/Topic1.htm
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 What is something special about every state in the United States of America. 

 Every state has a special state flower, bird, and usually a motto.
For example, New York is called "The Empire State" and Missouri
the "Show Me" state.  Go to the library and there should be an
almanac that gives the specifics for each state.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is a noun?
 

 HERE'S SOME INFORMATION ON NOUNS TO HELP YOU.


A noun is a word which is the name of something: a person, place,
thing, or idea. 

EXAMPLES: Grandma Ulferts, uncle; Dordt College; river; John Deere
tractor, carburator; holiday, sympathy

Nouns fall into certain groups.  

A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, 
or idea.  Proper nouns are always capitalized.

EXAMPLES: Sandra Day O'Connor, Grand Ole Opry, Cadillac, 
Call of the Wild (a story), Friday, December, Pacific Ocean, 

A common noun is any noun which does not name any particular 
person, place, thing, or idea.  Common nouns are not capitalized, 
except at the beginning of a sentence, of course.

EXAMPLES: child, country, rainbow, nincompoop, winter, happiness,
love, hate (love and hate can also be verbs, as in: I love you.
Here, however, they are used as nouns, as in: Love means alot to 
me.

Nouns are also grouped according to the kind of thing they name:

A concrete noun names something that can be touched or seen. It 
can be proper or common: 

EXAMPLES: moon, car, guitar, St. Louis, author, White House, stars,

An abstract noun cannot be seen or touched.  As with a concrete 
noun, an abstract noun can be proper or common.

EXAMPLES: satisfaction, poverty, illness, creation, Judaism

There are also collective nouns, which name a group or unit. They
can be proper or common.

EXAMPLES: United States, congregation, audience, herd, flock, group

Nouns are also grouped according to their number: A singular noun
refers to one person, place, thing, or idea (boy, stage, rock
festival, fears -- as in Fear is real, not the verb I FEAR war.
A plural noun refers to more than one person, place, thing, or 
idea (boys, stages, rock festivals, fears).

A compound noun is a noun made up of two words; some are written
as one word (football), some as two (elementary school), and some 
are hyphenated (brother-in-law).

A noun can also be classified according to gender:

masculine: uncle, men, bull, rooster (male)
feminine: mother, woman, women, cow, hen (female)
neuter: tree, cobweb, fishing rod, closet (without a sex)
indefinite: president, doctor, lawyer, friend (male or female)

There are also pronouns, which are used in place of a noun:

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

Like nouns, pronouns can be singular (I like snow) or plural (We 
like snow).  Pronouns must agree with the verb: For example, you
don't say "They is very unhappy." because THEY is plural and
IS (the verb) is singular.  You say "They are very unhappy" 
because the noun (here the noun is also the subject) and the verb
(here it is also the predicate) are both plural. 
__________________________________________________________________
I Hope this helps you understand some things about nouns, which 
are a part of speech, just like verbs (They LIKE snow) or 
adjectives (The UGLY bird turned into a BEAUTIFUL swan) or 
adverbs (Bobbie is REALLY a jerk, but you HARDLY know it) or
conjunctions (She AND Brenda are friends) or prepositions
(I'm going TO the store) -- plus other grammatical constructions 
you will learn about and want to use to write and speak well in 
English.

Have a great school year and write back again when you have 
another question, please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what abiot or biotic part of the wnvironment might "?" represent?
 

 Dear Friend,
          You have not really explained what you want
to know. "?" must be explained somewhere in the question you
are asked. So you must add that to your question to me.
Send the question in full again tom me, and i will be pleased to 
answer you.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper.

 what 1s 3 divided by 6 times 4 

 Hi,

We first do 3 divided by 6, which becomes the fraction 3/6.  
We can reduce this fraction.

  3    3x1     1
--- =----- = ---
 6     3x2     2

Now we multiply  a half times four or

  1     4     1x4      4
--- x --- = ----- = --- = 2
 2       1    2x1      2




Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Helper

 what is 3 times 4 divided by 4? 

 Hi,

We first multiply 3 times 4, 3x4=12.  Now we take 12 divided by 4 to get our final
answer. 12/4=3


Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math HElper

 80*80 

 Hi,

Since 80=8*10, 
then 80*80=8*10*8*10=8*8*10*10=64*10*10=640*10=6400

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Helper

 Why are homogenous mixtures the way they are?
 

 Dear Friend,
 Homogenous mixtures are ones in which the whole substance
is uniform (the same )throughout. This happens when the molecules
of one of the substances in the mixture can be distributed equally
between the molecules of the other substance. Homogenous mixtures
are actually "solutions",
for example: when a solid dissolves in a liquid,
or two liquids dissolve in each other.
They are this way as the molecules of the one can fit in between
the molecules of the other. Usually this is also as a result of the
type of attractions between the molecules of the
"solute" (substance being dissolved) and the solvent.
(the substance in which it is being dissolved)
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Can you tell me where I can get information on clearcutting in our forests and the environmental impact it has on us? 

 Here is some information. Hope it helps you.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

The practice of technical forestry includes many operations, from 
tree planting to harvesting. Central to the operation is the 
cycle of cutting and replenishment. Four major methods have been 
developed for this purpose: clear-cutting, selection, seed tree, 
and shelterwood. In clear-cutting all trees in a given area are 
cut, and reproduction is obtained by artificial planting or by 
natural seeding from trees bordering the cleared areas. This 
method, adapted to light-demanding species, produces even-aged 
stands, allows control of stand composition, and is conducive to 
mechanized harvesting and disposal of slash, or logging debris. 
Selection cutting maintains a forest of mixed ages from which the 
largest and most mature trees are harvested periodically. 
Although this method is expensive and may cause injury to younger 
trees during logging, it provides continuous cover and an 
attractive forest and involves sounder ecological practices. 
In the seed tree method, about 10 percent of the trees in the 
cutting area are left in an evenly spaced pattern as a natural 
seed source. The shelterwood method, which involves the removal 
of the mature trees in cuttings over a 10- to 15-year period, 
promotes natural reproduction and produces relatively even-aged 
stands.

 what is:
     x+5>-2 

 Hi,

The process for solving inequalities is the same as solving 
equations EXCEPT for one very important fact.  When you multiply
or divide any inequality by a NEGATIVE number the inequality changes--- the direction
of the inequality symbol changes.

Let's look at an example -2<3

Now multiply both sides by -5.
We get  10   -15, which way does the
inequality go 10>-15 (notice the inequality symbol changed
directions).

So, we have x+5>-2

To reverse the adding of 5, we subtract 5 from both sides.
Subtraction does not change the direction of the inequality.

x+5-5>-2-5

x>-7

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What,s the sqaure root of 89 and how would I know the square root of a number that,s not a perfect square? 

 Hi,

Taking the square root of a number is the opposite operation (in math lingo it is called the "inverse") of squaring a number.  What that means is that to find the square root of a number, you ask yourself what number times itself will give you that number.  

To find the square root of 100, you ask yourself what do I multiply by itself to get 100.  The answer is 10.  So, the square root of 100 is 10.

But there is also another square root... -10 because -10x-10=100.  So -10 is also a square root of 100.  If you don't know about negative numbers ,yet, don't worry about this answer.


If we try to find out square roots of numbers that are not perfect squares, then our question becomes a bit messy.  But the idea behind the problem is exactly the same. 

To find a square root of a number that is not a perfect square, we can either approximate it using a calculator or use the
square root sign and leave the square root sign in the reduced form of the number.  Have you seen the square root sign before? The one thing you can do pretty easily without a calculator is to simplify square roots. For instance, the square root of 24 is 2 times the square root of 6, since 24 = 4 x 6 and 2 squared is 4.

Since 89 is a prime number, we can not simplify the square root
of 89, but we can use a calculator to find an approximate value
of 9.433981132

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Can you tell me how to count to Thurty in French? 

 We don't answer French questions, only English.  Sorry. 
You should probably get an English/French dictionary if you 
are really studying the language.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Does Indiana have a state mammal?
 

 The cardinal (a red bird) is the State Bird, which is also a 
mammal.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

     


            157
           +5,681 

 Hi,

    157
  +5681
  ------
   5838

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Do you know where I can find the intoduction to the story "The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekell and Mr.Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson?
 

 Either go to the library or bookstore and get the book, which is
a popular classic about a split personality, or go to below listed
site and type in the book and or author or "INTRODUCTION THE 
STRANGE CASE DR. JEKELL MR. HYDE"

http:www.altavista.com

Good luck in your research. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 why is it dangerous to breathe oxygen only? 

 Dear Friend,
            If we are exposed to too much oxygen
for too long a period of time, it can harm some
of our body processes. This is called Oxygen Poisoning
or Oxygen Toxicity.This excess Oxygen can damage the lungs
or the nervous system.
This usually only becomes a problem when people
have to breathe from an oxygen tank directly, such as
in scuba diving or in airplanes where pure oxygen is sometimes
provided.
Scientists are trying to understand how the toxic 
effects of too much oxygen works, and a lot of research
has been done on it. There are many ideas as to how it happens.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 what is 35times735=n 

 Hi,

Since n=35*735 we need to figure out the product of 735*35

 
           735
         x  35
         ------
          3675
        +2205
       ---------
         25725

So, n=25725

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How do leaves fall in Autumn??? 

 Dear Friend,
           During fall many chemical changes occur in the
leaves of a tree. For one thing their pigments change,
producing the awesome fall colors.
As the fall colors appear, other changes take place.
 At the point where the stem of the leaf is attached to the tree, a
a special layer of cells develops . This gradually
cuts off the leaf from the supply of nutrients (foods)
water and minerals, that it receives and the leaf will eventually die.
At the same time, the tree seals off the point of attachment,
somewhat like a kind of scab, 
The leaf is finally blown off by the wind
or falls from its own weight.
It leaves behind a  mark on the stem
from which it fell called a leaf sear. 
Ingrid, Your Science Helper
  

 who invented the lite bulb 

 Dear Friend,
       Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.
Find out more about him by searching for him in YAhooligans, through 
the Kiddonet Homework Helper
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 I need to find facts about eskimos and I don't
find nothing can you help me ??????? 

 Here's a huge amount of good information.  If you go through it
you'll probably find what you need.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Inuit, also called Eskimo, are people of Arctic Mongoloid stock inhabiting small enclaves in the coastal areas of Greenland, Arctic North America (including Canada and Alaska), and extreme northeastern Siberia. Their name for themselves is Inuit (in Siberian and some Alaskan speech, Yuit ), meaning ìthe people.î The name Eskimo comes from the descriptive term for ìeaters of raw flesh,î inaccurately applied to them by an Algonquian people.

Physical Characteristics and Regional Groupings
Arctic Region
The Inuit vary within about 5 cm (about 2 in) of an average height of 163 cm (64 in). Their faces are broad and round, with high cheekbones, narrow eyes, and the epicanthic eyelid fold. Their hair is jet black, and skin color varies from light to dark brown. They are well built and inclined to be stocky, and display metabolic, circulatory, and other adaptations to the Arctic climate. The men are muscular and usually lack facial hair.

Inhabiting an area spanning almost 5150 km (almost 3200 mi), Inuit have a wider geographical range than any other aboriginal people and are the most sparsely distributed people on earth. They fall generally into the following geographical divisions, moving from east to west: (1) Greenland Inuit, living on the eastern and western coasts of southern Greenland, who have adopted many European ways and are known as Greenlanders or Kalaallitt (Kal‚tdlit); (2) Labrador Inuit, occupying the coast from a point opposite Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, with a few settlements on southern Baffin Island; (3) Central Inuit, including those of far northern Greenland and, in Canada, Baffin Island and western Hudson Bay; (4) Banks Island Inuit, on Banks Island, Victoria Island, and other large islands off the central Arctic coast; (5) Western Arctic Inuit or Inuvialuit, along the western Arctic coast of Canada; (6) Alaskan Inuit; (7) Alaskan Yuit; and (8) Siberian Yuit.

History
From archaeological, linguistic, and physiological evidence most scholars conclude that the Inuit migrated across the Bering Strait to Arctic North America. A later arrival to the New World than the American Indians, the Inuit share many cultural traits with Siberian Arctic peoples and with their own closest relatives, the Aleuts. The oldest archaeological sites identifiable as Inuit, in southwest Alaska and the Aleutians, date from about 2000 bc and are somewhat distinct from later Inuit sites. By about 1800 bc the highly developed Old Whaling or Bering Sea culture and related cultures had emerged in Siberia and in the Bering Strait region. In eastern Canada the Old Dorset culture flourished from about 1000-800 bc until about ad 1000-1300. The Dorset people were overrun by the Thule Inuit who by ad 1000-1200 had reached Greenland. There, Inuit culture was influenced by medieval Norse colonists and, after 1700, by Danish settlers.

Language and Literature
The languages of the Inuit peoples constitute a subfamily of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. A major linguistic division occurs in Alaska, according to whether the speakers call themselves Inuit (sing., Inuk) or Yuit (sing., Yuk). The eastern branch of the subfamilyógenerally called Inupiaq in Alaska but also Inuktitut in Canada and Kalaallisut (Kal‚dtlisut) in Greenlandóstretches from eastern Alaska across Canada and through northern into southern Greenland. It forms a dialect chain; that is, it consists of many dialects, each understandable to speakers of neighboring dialects, although not to speakers of geographically distant dialects. The western branch, called Yupik, includes three distinct languagesóCentral Alaskan Yupik and Pacific Gulf Yupik in Alaska and Siberian Yupik in Alaska and Canadaóeach with several dialects (See also American Indian Languages). The Inupiaq dialects have more than 40,000 speakers in Greenland and more than 20,000 in Alaska and Canada. Yupik languages are spoken by about 17,000 people, including some 1000 in the former Soviet Union. These various languages are used for the first year of school in some parts of Siberia, for religious instruction and education in schools under Inuit control in Alaska, and in schools and communications media in Canada and Greenland.

The Inupiaq and Yupik languages have an immense number of suffixes that are added to a smaller number of root words; these suffixes function similarly to verb endings, case endings, prepositional phrases, and even whole clauses in the English language. A root word can thus give rise to many derivative words, often many syllables long and highly specialized in meaning, and sometimes complex enough to serve as an entire sentence.

Because these languages are among the most complex and difficult in the world, few explorers or traders learned them; instead, they relied on a jargon composed of Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian, and Inupiaq and Yupik words. The Inupiaq and Yupik languages themselves have a rich oral literature, and a number of Greenland authors have written in Greenland Inupiaq. The first book in Inupiaq was published in 1742.

Social Organization
The manners and customs of the Inuit, like their language, are remarkably uniform despite the widespread diffusion of the people. The familyóincluding the nuclear family, nearby relatives, and relations by marriageóis the most significant social unit. In traditional culture, marriages, although sometimes arranged, are generally open to individual choice. Monogamy is the usual pattern, but both polygyny and polyandry also occur. Marriage, a virtual necessity for physical survival, is based on strict division of labor. Husband and wife retain their own tools, household goods, and other personal possessions; men build houses, hunt, and fish, and women cook, dress animal skins, and make clothing. Food sources such as game and fish are considered community property. The underlying social law is the obligation to help one's kin. Community ridicule is the most common means of social control; in extreme cases, after lengthy deliberation, an offender may be socially ostracized or put to death. With the absence of any communal legal structure, harming someone from another group jeopardizes one's own kinship group (which is held responsible for the offense) and raises the possibility of a blood feud. Provocative displays of emotion are strongly disapproved. Some groups control conflict by means of wrestling matches or song duels, in which the angry parties extemporize insulting songs; the loser might be driven from the community.

Provision of Food
The traditional Inuit diet consists mainly of fish, seals, whales, and related sea mammals, the flesh of which is eaten cooked, dried, or frozen. The seal is their staple winter food and most valuable resource. It provides them with dog food, clothing, and materials for making boats, tents, and harpoon lines, as well as fuel for both light and heat. In the interior of Alaska and Canada, caribou are hunted in the summer. To a lesser extent the polar bear, fox, hare, and Arctic birds, chiefly sea birds, also furnish important supplies. Large game such as whale, walrus, and caribou require bigger hunting expeditions than are possible for one kinship group. Temporary hunting alliances are then formed with nonrelatives; such alliances are often given the aura of kinship by means of temporary wife exchange. Many families follow a seasonal hunting and fishing cycle that takes them from one end to the other of their customary territory; trade with other groups often occurs along the way. In the late 20th century many Inuit work for wages and buy commercially prepared food.

Housing, Transportation, and Clothing
Snow Igloo
Igloos (Inuit iglu,  ìhouseî) are of two kinds: walrus or sealskin tents for summer and huts or houses for winter. Winter houses are usually made of stone, with a driftwood or whalebone frame, chinked and covered with moss or sod. The entrance is a long, narrow passage just high enough to admit a person crawling on hands and knees. During long journeys some Canadian Inuit build winter houses of snow blocks piled in a dome shape. Such snow houses, rare in Greenland and unknown in Alaska, were once permanent winter houses of the Inuit of central and eastern Canada. In the 20th century many Inuit have moved into towns to live in government-built, Western housing.

The principal traditional means of conveyance are the kayak, the umiak, and the dogsled. The light, seaworthy kayak is a canoelike hunting boat made of a wood frame completely covered with sealskin except for a round center opening, where the single occupant sits. In Greenland and Alaska the skin around the hole can be laced tightly around the occupant, making the kayak virtually watertight. The umiak, a larger, open boat about 9 m (about 30 ft) long and 2.4 m (8 ft) wide, and made of a wooden frame covered with walrus skins, is used for whaling expeditions and, sometimes, to transport families and goods. The sled, drawn by a team of native dogs admirably adapted for the purpose (see: Eskimo Dog), is common among all Inuit except those in southern Greenland. When iron was obtained through trade, iron runners largely supplanted ivory and whalebone runners. In the last half-century motorboats and snowmobiles have become important modes of travel.

Traditional Inuit dress for both men and women consists of watertight boots, double-layer trousers, and the parka, a tight-fitting double-layer pullover jacket with a hood, all made of skins and furs. An enlarged hood forms a convenient cradle for nursing infants.

Religious Beliefs
Traditional Inuit beliefs are a form of animism, according to which all objects and living beings have a spirit. All phenomena occur through the agency of some spirit. Intrinsically neither good nor bad, spirits can affect people's lives and, although not influenced by prayers, can be controlled by magical charms and talismans. The person best equipped to control spirits is the shaman, but anyone with the appropriate charms or amulets can exercise such control. Shamans are usually consulted to heal illnesses and resolve serious problems. Communal and individual taboos are observed to avoid offending animal spirits, and animals killed for food must be handled with prescribed rituals.

Inuit rituals and myths reflect preoccupation with survival in a hostile environment. Vague beliefs of an afterlife or reincarnation exist, but these receive little emphasis. Most communal rites center on preparation for the hunt, and myths tend to deal with the relations that exist between humans, animals, and the environment. In Greenland, Labrador, and southern Alaska, large numbers of Inuit have converted to Christianity.

Arts and Crafts
Inuit Drum Song of Alaska
Inuit Song of Canada
Inuit Soapstone Sculpture
From prehistoric times Inuit tools have been noted for their careful construction and the artistry of their carved ornamentation. Ivory from walruses and whales, the most accessible material for carving, is fashioned into figurines representing animals and people, and into decorated knobs, handles, and other tool parts. Driftwood and whalebone are carved into ceremonial masks, some small enough to be worn on women's fingers during a ritual dance. After contact with European, Canadian, and U.S. traders began in the 18th century, the Inuit also made, as trade items, scrimshaw-carved tusks and ivory and whalebone objects such as canes and cribbage boards. After about 1950, the Canadian government, concerned with pressures that increasingly pushed the Inuit into a cash economy, encouraged the carving and sale of highly sophisticated soapstone sculptures. Sculpture and printmaking, marketed through cooperatives, have become mainstays of the Canadian Inuit economy and the best-known aspect of Inuit culture.

Inuit performing arts center on ceremonial songs and dances. Some magical songs are personal property and can be sold or traded. The principal musical instrument is the shallow, tambourinelike shaman's drum.

Adjusting to Change
In the late 20th century the Inuit have become more assertive, forming organizations to represent their interests, such as the Alaska Federation of Natives (1966). The organizations have been instrumental in resolving land claims since 1971 (see: American Indians: Indians in Contemporary Society ). In Greenland the 1970s and 1980s were marked by a campaign for home rule from Denmark. In December 1991 the Canadian government, yielding to ongoing Inuit pressure, agreed to the creation of a new unit known as Nunavut in what is now the Northwest Territories. Nunavut, which is equal in size to one-fifth of Canada, is to have territorial status. The Inuit there will have political control and broad economic rights over the territory.

The international Inuit Circumpolar Conference, founded in 1977, meets every three years. It provides a forum for Greenland and North American Inuit to exchange information on common problems, lobby for an Inuit voice in the planning of economic development, and promote the preservation of the environment.

 How do you use the metric system?I am having trouble with the milliliter. 

 Dear Friend,

The metric system is rally quite easy 
to work with as, everything is in multiples of 10.
It is always so much easier to mutiply or divide by tens.

the prefix centi means 100
and the prefix milli means 1000

The millimeter is very tiny. In one meter there
are actually 1000 millmeters  
One meter = 100 centimeters.
One centimeter = 10 millimeters
so one meter = 100 x 10 = 1000 milliters
I suggest that you go to this site
http://tqjunior.advanced.org/3804/length.html

This site will show you the size of these units and
there is also a tool to convert from one unit to another,
in the metric system and to convert measurments like inches to
centimeters and millimeters.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 how much is the presidents salary ?

 

 Hi Friend,
         Please ask this question in the Social Science  Homework
section. 
Ingrid, The Science Helper

 A 75-watt bulb is on for 62 hours before it burns out. What is the life of the bulb in kilowatt-hours? 

 Hi,

75 watts=.075 kilowatts

So, the amount of kilowatt-hours would be

0.075*62= 4.65 kilowatt-hours

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What is the species name for Hawaiian Monk Seal?
Where do you find the answer for this in the internet? 

 Dear Friend,
THe species name of the Hawaiin Monk Seal is:
 Monachus schauinslandi

There are different ways in which you can find this info.
YOu could go to Yahooligans, which is available through the
Kiddonet HOmework Helper (see instructions at end of answer.)
When there write in the word "seal" and look at the list of
sites you get in the search for the sort of seal you want.
There were several good sites which provide the anser to
your question.
THe way I did it was to choose a search engine which I
know is reliable and to put in the following key words:
Hawaiin Monk seal species name.
In certain Search engines you should put the name in 
quotation marks and a plus sign before species name.
But other search engines do this for you.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper. 

Instructions to reach Yahooligans.
 1. Choose SCIENCE at the KIDDONET Homework Helper
 2. From the Science List , Choose ASK ABOUT IT.
 3. Now Click on ASK DR UNIVERSE and enter the site.
 4. Once in the site, scroll down to find YAHOOLIGANS.
 5. Click on YAHOOLIGANS and once inside you can go to one of the different 
      categories :Choose Science and Nature
 6. You can either look into the categories which are further divided up or
 7. Put in search words if you want to look for a specific subject .

 Hi!I have got stuck on correcting decimal places.Please help & reply.Hope to hear from you soon.
                    from
         
            Piggy    xxxx 

 Dear Piggy,

I'm not 100% sure what you mean by correcting decimal places.
I'll give an example of multiplying and dividing with decimals,
but this may not answer what your question is...please post
a specific example from your class notes or math homework, so I
can help you best.



When multiplying decimals you follow this simple rule.  Multiply the 
numbers totally disregarding the decimal points - that is, treat the 
numbers as if they were whole numbers.  Then, after you have done the 
multiplication, count the number of digits to the right of the decimal 
in each of the numbers. ADD these numbers together and then count off 
(from the right) this number of places in the answers and put the 
decimal point there.  

An example:  3.89x4.96.  

First Multiply 389X496, which is 192,944.  Now, in the first number 
there is TWO places to the right of the decimal and in the second 
number there are TWO digits to the right of the decimal.  
TWO plus TWO = 4.  Therefore, count four places in from the right of 
the answer.  The answer should be 19.2944. 

Question:  How do I divide decimals?

To divide a decimal number by a decimal, you follow the following procedure.
                   ___________
For example  34.56|193.536

Move the decimal point in the DIVISOR to the right until the number becomes a whole number.  That's our number 34.56.  so we need to move our decimal point TWO places to the right.

Then move the decimal point in the dividend (that our number 193.536) the SAME NUMBER of places.  

Then you use your method of long division.  The decimal 
point in the answer lies directly above the decimal point in the dividend.
                  ____5.6___
             3456|19353.6
                 -17280
                  ------
                   20736
                   20736
                   ------
                    0

I look forward to getting your question, if this response doesn't
help.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How many straits are there in the world? 

 Go to  http://www.altavista.com  

and type in:    straits 

Otherwise, I find on a world map 8 straits, including the
Strait of Gibraltar, the Magellan Strait, Strait of Florida,
Davis Strait, Bering Strait, Strait of Belle Isle, Makassar 
Strait, Strait of Malacca -- but there may be more if you look
carefully.  Straits are narrow passages of water connecting 
two seas or two large areas of water.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Who is the lietenant government of North Carolina? 

 Go to   http://www.altavista.com     

and type in 

Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina

Be sure you spell it the way I spelled it!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

P.S. You can also call Charlotte, North Carolina 
     information and ask for Secretary of State's office
     and then ask your question.  

 what element is in the fourth row down and the 10th row across on the table of the elements? 

 Dear Friend,
Firstly, only the elemnts across are in rows.(or periods)
 Those which go down are called columns.(or families)
I think you mean the element in the 4th Period and the 10th COlumn?
as  there are NOT 10 rows (Periods) in the periodic table.
So first check out the question again.
The best way to find the answer to the question 
is to look at the Periodic table.
You can find the answer yourself without any problems.
If you have not got a periodic table in your text book,
 then look at this periodic table on the internet at the 
following site.
http://www.chemicalelements.com/
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 How many layers are there in the Ozone Layer? 

 Dear Friend,
The ozone layer is not made of several layers,
but of one layer only.
This layer differs in its thickness from one place to another. 
The  Ozone which is found in the stratosphere consists
of air with  ozone molecules  spread through it. 
The ozone layer protects us from the ultra violet
radiation of the sun.
Ingrid, Your Homework Helper

   45
- 28
------ 

 Hi,

We can write 45 as 4 tens and 5 ones or

   **********
   **********     *****
   **********
   **********

We want to take 28 from 45.  Let's start with the ones place
with 5-8.  We can't take 8 away from 5, so we borrow 1 ten
which is the same as 10 ones.

                **********
   **********     *****
   **********
   **********

      3 tens       15 ones

     315
     45
    -28
   ------

Now we can take 8 ones from 15 ones.  We have 7 ones left over.
We write the 7 in the ones place of our answer.

  
     315
     45
    -28
   ------
      7

Now we have 2 tens take away from 3 tens, or 1 ten that we
write in the tens place of our answer.


     315
     45
    -28
   -----
     17

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher    

 -3+1-[-3-(-5+7)]=? 

 Hi,

To simplify an expression like this one, we must work from
the inside of the parantheses out.

-3+1-[-3-(-5+7)]= -3+1-[-3-(2)] since -5+7=2

=-3+1-[-5] since -3-2=-3+-2=-5

=-3+1+5 since -[-5]=+5

=-2+5 since -3+1=-2

=3

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 where can I find some world war 2 recipes 

 Look in the Settlement Cook Book, which may be in the bookstore
or ask you grandparent, please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how do you graph this ?
x=-3 

 Hi,

If we are talking about a one-dimensional numberline, then
we draw a numberline and mark the number -3 only.

   <---|---|--- X---|---|---|---|---|---|--->
      -5   -4  -3  -2  -1  0   1   2   3

If we are talking about a two-dimensional xy-coordinate plane,
Then the information x=-3 means we want to graph all the
points whose x-coordinate is -3 and y can therefore be any
number...that will make a vertical line through x=-3.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 How many eyes in a compound eye ?

Thanks,

Jonanthan & Henry 

 Dear Jonathan and Henry,
                  A compound eye can be made up
of anything from only A FEW to THOUSANDS of little lenses.
THe number of these lenses depends on 
which animals the eye is from.
The lens is the part of the eye that focuses light.
The name of these little lenses is OMMATIDIA
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 what is a predicate? 

 A predicate is the part of the sentence which says something 
about the subject.

Principals REMEMBER.

A compound predicate is like this:

Big people TALK slowly but EAT fast. 

A complete predicate is like this:

Little people CAN TALK TASTER THAN BIG PEOPLE.

 Where can I find information on Mount Etna's eruption in January 1999?  

 Dear Friend,
 There is a wonderful internet site, called VOLCANO WORLD.
THere you will find all the information you need on volcanoes.
When you are at the site, click on "Current Eruptions"
On the list of Volcanoes you find there, Find Etna, Sicily, Italy and
 and click on it.
 YOu will reach a page with information about all of Etnas eruptions in 1999,
including January 1999.
Here is the site:
http://volcano.und.edu/
Enjoy it,
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 What is a irregular verb 

 It's a verb that does not follow the usual pattern of present 
tense, past tense, or past participle.

EXAMPLES:

Present tense:         Past tense:           Past Participle:

am, be                 was, were             been
begin                  began                 begun
blow                   blew                  blown
drink                  drank                 drunk
fly                    flew                  flown
sit                    sat                   sat
wear                   wore                  worn
write                  wrote                 written


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 3.4-5.6+4.6-3.7= 

 Hi,

We can write this question as

3.4+ (-5.6) + 4.6+ (-3.7) since all subtraction is defined
to be adding the opposite.

Now that we have written this entirely as an addition question,
we can change the order in which we add numbers to

3.4+4.6 + (-5.6) +(-3.7)

Let's add the positive decimals together.  So, 3.4+4.6=8.0

So, we get 8.0 + + (-5.6) +(-3.7)

Now let's add the negative decimals together -5.6+ -3.7 = -9.8

Now our question becomes 

8.0+ -9.8

Since our negative decimal is more negative than our positive
one, our final answer will in fact be negative.  When adding
positive and negative decimals, we figure out which is larger
in absolute value.  Since 9.8>8.0 then we know that our final
answer will be negative.  then we do 9.8-8.0=1.8...we know
that our final answer should be negative, so

8.0+-9.8= -1.8

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Whats the reason the thing in Pakistan in is the news? 

 From the reports below and by keeping up daily, you can follow 
what is going on:  namely, border clashes between two countries 
that have nuclear capabilities and also an internal government
shakeup that is making the country very unstable.  Both could 
lead to regional war if things esculate, which is why the U.S.
is interested in stabilizing things before they get out of hand.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper


India, Pakistan Clash at Border  (Associated Press)
Indian troops used artillery and small arms to fend off the most serious border incursion by
Pakistani troops since a military coup in Pakistan two weeks ago, the army said Tuesday. 
- Oct 26 1:36 PM EDT

Albright Urges Kashmir Pullback  (Associated Press)
Responding to reports of a clash, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright today praised
Pakistani leader Pervaiz Musharraf for withdrawing troops from the border with India but called for India and
Pakistan both to pull back in Kashmir. 
- Oct 26 1:14 PM EDT

Citibank Veteran to Be Finance Minister of Pakistan  (BusinessWire)
As previously reported, Shaukat Aziz, a 30-year veteran of Citibank, will become Minister of Finance of Pakistan.
- Oct 26 12:31 PM EDT

Army haunts new Pakistan finance team  (Reuters)
By Ovais Subhani KARACHI, Oct 26 (Reuters) - Pakistan's new economic guardians have a good chance to fix a
broken economy because of their army backing but the same military support may block the foreign funding they
need, financial analysts said on Tuesday. ``The backing of the army means they will be allowed to take tough
decisions, but the same backers will also be part of the problem Pakistan will face in getting the credit and
investment it needs to remain solvent,'' said a foreign banker who asked not to be identified.
- Oct 26 9:05 AM EDT

Commonwealth Wants To See Ousted Pakistan PM  (Reuters)
Commonwealth ministers have asked Pakistan's military government for access to detained ex-Prime Minister
Nawaz Sharif, who has not been seen in public since he was deposed in a coup two weeks ago. 
- Oct 26 4:59 AM EDT

Pakistan government team seen safe, experienced  (Reuters)
By Andrew Hill ISLAMABAD, Oct 26 (Reuters) - General Pervez Musharraf has opted for experienced technocrats
untainted by close links to previous governments in a team to steer the country out of isolation and bankruptcy.
``The whole team seems to be 'clean', hard-working, experienced and so on.
- Oct 26 4:12 AM EDT

Commonwealth team sets off to probe Pakistan coup  (Reuters)
By David Ljunggren OTTAWA, Oct 26 (Reuters) - A top-level Commonwealth team sets off for Islamabad on
Wednesday for talks with Pakistan's new military leaders which could result in the country's formal suspension
and eventual expulsion from the grouping. The four foreign ministers, led by Canada's Lloyd Axworthy, will also
meet members of the opposition, human rights groups and non-governmental organizations to determine whether the
army has a timetable for the restoration of democracy.
- Oct 26 3:00 AM EDT

Pakistan-sharif Islamabad  (Reuters)
The government's response was not immediately known. Sharif was detained on the day of the military takeover and
taken into what the army called ``protective custody'' pending an investigation into his financial conduct and the
crisis over army appointments that precipitated the bloodless coup.
- Oct 26 2:04 AM EDT

Commonwealth wants to see Pakistan's ousted PM  (Reuters)
ISLAMABAD, Oct 26 (Reuters) - A team of Commonwealth ministers visiting Pakistan this week has asked to see
detained Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, who was deposed by a military coup on October 12, diplomats said on
Tuesday. They said the team, due to arrive on Wednesday or Thursday to discuss prospects for a return to
democracy with Pakistan's new rulers, had written to the military asking to see Sharif, who had not been seen in
public since October 12.
- Oct 26 1:51 AM EDT

Pakistan Security Council Members  (Associated Press)
Thumbnail sketches of the six men and one woman who will sit on the National Security Council that will govern
Pakistan under coup leader Gen. Pervaiz Musharraf: 
- Oct 25 3:35 PM EDT

 What is Inertia? 

 Dear Friend,
           Inertia is the way in which any object 
has a  tendancy too resist any attempt to change its position
and its state of motion. So if it was placed in one place,
 it remains still. And if it were moving , it tends to keep
on moving.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper.

 i need some science fair project ideas and they have to be a question like, "does the temperature of a tennis ball effect its bounce height" 

 Dear Friend,
            You should think of areas of interest to you,
and then start asking questions which you would like to know
the answer to.I am sure you can think of many ideas yourself.
Do you have to ask the question in Physical Science
or can it be Life Science too?

Here are two possible examples. 
Will  a potato cook more quickly in a pot of water, where
the pot is made of Aluminum or one where the pot is made of
Copper?

DO snails move faster in the summer when it is hot than
in the winter when it is cold?
Ingrid , your Science Helper

 what is america history? 

 American history covers a huge amount of information and opinions.
What area of American history do you want to know about?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what type of homes did the Nez Perce Indians 
live in? 

 Here is a lot of information.  Please read and pick what you need.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Nez PercÈ, leading North American Indian tribe of the Sahaptin linguistic stock. The tribe formerly occupied a large territory in southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and central Idaho. The name Nez PercÈ (French, ìpierced noseî) given by French explorers, derived from the tribe's practice of wearing nose pendants.

The Nez Perce followed an economy based on fishing, especially salmon, and on vegetable staples such as the bulbs of the camas plant, wild roots, and berries. After about 1700 they also kept horses and hunted buffalo. In winter they lived along riverbanks in villages of long houses built of bark, mats, and skins; in summer they camped in the mountains and in the great upland camas meadows. They practiced some weaving and the decorating of buffalo skins with paint and porcupine quills. Their principal religious ceremony was a dance in honor of the Guardian Spirit, their presiding deity. War dances were also performed. The entire tribe was divided into more than 40 bands, each led by a popularly selected chief. Marriage was generally outside the band or group. In response to the tribe's request for instruction in Christianity, a Protestant mission was established at Lapwai, Idaho, in 1837.

In 1855 the Nez Perce made a treaty with the United States, ceding the greater portion of their territory to the United States government and receiving a reservation that included the Wallowa Valley in Oregon. When gold was discovered in the region, the tribe was forced to agree to surrender all its lands and to return to a reservation at Lapwai. A band led by Chief Joseph, whose Indian name was Hinmaton Yalaktit, refused to accept the agreement, and in 1877 he was victorious in a battle with federal troops. Joseph then led his band, which included women and children, on a retreat of more than 1600 km (about 1000 mi), and although pursued by federal troops that greatly outnumbered them, the Indians won several engagements. About 50 km (about 30 mi) from the safety of the Canadian border, however, Joseph and his band were captured. They were sent to the Indian Territory where many died. Some of the survivors were later permitted to return to Idaho, where the majority of the tribe now lives on the Nez Perce reservation. Joseph and the remainder were sent to Colville reservation in northern Washington.

 why can metals conduct electricity in the solid state? 

 Dear Friend,
Metals can conduct electricity in the solid state,
because in that state, they have free electrons which can move
easily through the subsance.
These free electrons are the 1,2 or 3 outermost electrons
in the outermost shells of metallic
atoms . They are found in something which can be
described like "a sea of electrons" and
which can flow between the metal atoms.
These free atoms which are free to move are the ones which
allow the lectricity to be conducted.
Electricity is defined as a "flow of electrons"
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Where Can I find info on Black Walnut Seeds 

 Dear Friend,
             If you go to this internet site, and scroll down theough
the trees , you will find the info you are looking for.
http://lupus.northern.edu:90/natsource/TREESA1/Common1.htm

At this site you have a picture of the tree, and some
more information
http://www.museum.state.il.us/isas/trees/juglans.html
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 What are some waebsites that I can find information on the constellation cancer? 

 Dear Friend,
Here are a few sites which will help you explore the COnstellation Cancer.
http://denali.physics.uiowa.edu/curriculum/cancer.shtml

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/glossary/indexc.shtml
http://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/cnc.html

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Could you give me some compare and contrast ideas for my homework? 

 To compare is to bring both points of similarity and difference, 
but generally with the greater emphasis on similarities.

"Compare the British and American forms of government."

To contrast is tgo particularly stress differences.  In a sense,
compare cover this but with less emphasis on differences.

"Contrast the views of the North and the South on the issue of 
States' rights."

"Compare and contrast the grading systems in High School and
Elementary School (or in grades 1-4 & 5-8) (or in your state & a 
neighboring state) (or last century & this century) 
(or in the U.S. Elementary schools & foreign elementary schools)"

"Compare and contrast TV viewing habits of [choose two groups,
two countries, two eras in history]..."

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 WHAT IS LONGATED AND LATTLEATUDE?  

 Let's learn from an example:

The United States is about 38 degrees North Latitude and
97 degrees West Longitude.  That means it is 38 degrees north
of the Equator line (an imaginary line that runs around the world 
and splits it in two, and 97 degrees west of the Prime Meridian, 
which is also an imaginary line but runs north and south through 
England and Africa.

Look at a world map to see this idea and check a dictionary for
the definitions if your teacher and the map and the above example
do not make it clear for you, please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 English Class - My teacher has assigned the "Fountain Pen" to me to research. I can't seem to fing anything on the many encyclopedia's I have looked at. Can you give me some assisstance?  

 Go to this search engine:   http:www.altavista.com

Type in:    The Fountain Pen

Also type in the author's name if you have it.

Good luck.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

        what is the plural form for ox?

 

 oxen

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is 1,600,056 divided by 12? 

 HI,

      __133338_______
    12|1600056
      -12
       ---
        40
       -36
       ----
         40
        -36
        ----
          40
         -36
         ----
           45
          -36
         ------
            96
           -96
          -----
             0

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Which is the only Central Amercian country that does not border the Caribbean Sea? Nicaragua or El Salvador? 

 El Salvador


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Approximately how many sentences are in a paragraph? 

 There is not set answer to your question.  

There's usually a topic sentence, then a few sentences 
(examples, facts, etc.) to support your topic (your thesis 
statement), and a concluding or summary sentence or two.  
So maybe five to ten sentences you'll find in a paragraph.  Try 
counting a few paragraphs you like to come up with an average 
number of sentences.  But the main thing is to have as many 
sentences as it takes to complete the thought you want to make.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What was the first newspaper published in the U.S.? 

 Here's the history you need.  Please write again.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

History of American Newspapers
Not until 1690 was anything resembling the early European newspapers printed in the American colonies. In that year a three-page paper called Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick,  was published in Boston, but it was suppressed by the government after one issue.

Colonial Newspapers
The first continuously published American newspaper was the Boston News-Letter,  established in 1704 by John Campbell (1653-1728). The paper, which was censored by the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, contained financial and foreign news and also recorded births, deaths, and social events. In 1721 James Franklin (1697-1735) founded the New England Courant  in Boston; his staff included his younger brother Benjamin Franklin who in 1723 went to Philadelphia, where he subsequently published the Pennsylvania Gazette  and the General Magazine.  Although both these publications failed, Franklin later enjoyed much success as a writer, editor, and publisher (before becoming a diplomat and statesman).

The first New York City newspaper, founded in 1725, was called the Gazette;  it was soon followed by several others including the New York Weekly Journal,  edited by the German-American printer John Peter Zenger. When Zenger published criticism of the British colonial governor of New York and his administration, he was arrested and jailed on charges of seditious libel. Zenger was tried and found not guilty, and his case created an important precedent for the tradition of a free press in America.

Revolutionary Period
Declaration of Independence in the Virginia Gazette
In 1750 there were 12 newspapers in the American colonies, which then had a total population of about 1 million. By 1775 the population had increased to 2.5 million, and the number of newspapers had jumped to 48. They were published weekly, contained only four pages each, and Typically had a circulation of no more than 400 copies. The papers printed more essays than news and were distinctly libertarian in tone, anticipating the American Revolution. When the British Stamp Act of 1765 imposed a heavy tax on paper, the prerevolutionary press denounced the act and refused to pay the tax. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, it had united many editors and publishers in support of the cause of independence. The American patriot Samuel Adams, who often edited the Boston Gazette,  organized the Committees of Correspondence, comprising agents who kept track of events throughout the colonies. In 1776 the patriot papers carried on their front pages the Declaration of Independence.

 what are anolgy's? 

 An analogy is the comparing of two or more similar objects
so as to suggest that if they are alike in certain respects,
they will probably be alike in other ways as well.

EXAMPLE: 

My theory applies to you and by analogy to others like you.

The teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump.

dog:puppie::cat:kittie

There are analogy examples in most grammar books which you can
study to see how they are figured out -- so that if they appear 
on standardized tests, you will be able to do well.
The most important thing about analogies is to BUILD YOUR 
VOCABULARY and be able to figure out what kind of relationship 
two pairs of words have.


Mike Online 
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how does the internet work ?
 

 Dear Friend,
             Really the internet works because we can send
messages in the form of files of different kinds, across phone lines or under water cables, with the aid of
a modem situated in our computer to anyone else who has a computer/modem
set up too.
In fact there is a lot of information that you can get about this.
I recommend this site to find out more:
http://www.ed.gov/pubs/parents/internet/whatis.html

ANd this site which goes into more details and is a bit complicated.
http://rus1.home.mindspring.com/whitepapers/internet_whitepaper.html
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 I need an explanation of the triangle inequality. 

 Hi,

The triangle inequality is a property of the
absolute value.


    |x| + |y| is greater than or equal to |x+y|

Without a proif it seems to make sense since the
maximum value |x+y| will ever reach is going to be |x| + |y|.  If you are
curious about how a rigorous proof of this might work, try playing around
with this:

        2       2  2        2
   |x+y| = (x+y) =x  +2xy +y  
              2    2             2   2               2
  { |x| + |y|}= |x| +2|x||y|+ |y| = x  + 2|x||y| + y

     2        2       2               2
So, x +2xy + y  <= |x| +2|x||y| +  |y|

      [2xy could         [2|x||y|
       be + or -]        must be +]

So, if we take the square root of both sides, we the inequality
holds.

So,  |x+y|<=|x|+|y|

If you stil have questions, please post them. 

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 m-6<13= 

 Hi,

When solving inequalities, we use the same technique as solving
equations, except we need to remember that when we multiply or
divide both sides of an inequality by a negative number the 
direction of the inequality symbol changes.

In this case,

m-6<13

To reverse subtracting 6, let's add 6 to both sides.  This doesn't change the direction of the symbol.

m-6+6<13+6

m<18

We are looking for all the numbers strictly less than 18.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what is -4 1/4 divided by -2 1/2 

 Hi,

This question involves putting two pieces of information together.

First, when you divide two negative numbers, your answer will
be positive.  When you divide fractions, the question becomes
multiplying by the reciprocal of the divisor.

Let's write -4 1/4 and - 2 1/2 as mixed numerals.

  -17              -5
  --- divided by  ----
   4                2

The question then becomes


    -17     -2     -17*-2     34     17    7
   ------ *---- = ------- = ----- = ----=1---
     4       5      4*5       20     10    10

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I always wonder the eqation of A verses b
 versesd c. My teacher won't tell us what
 A, B, and C are so we have too figer it out
 are selves.Not to be a brage but I have a
 singel class in Germemey of math That 
is where I live but I was born in U.S.A.
 Im so smart they are going to put me
 in Genes book.I hope you can help me with 
A B and C.  




                        Thank you 
                           Eolvea
                              Buntrowoxes 

 Dear Eolvea Buntrowoxes,

I very much want to help you out, but am not sure exactly
what equation you are referring to...

Do you mean if a=b, and b=c, then a=c or do you
mean the quadratic formula based on finding solutions to the
quadratic equation ax^2+bx+c=0?

Could you please post the equation itself to the KiddoNet Ask 
It Board, then we can work from there.

I'll be waiting for your posting of the equation.

caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 what are cells?
 

 Dear Friend,
          Cells are the tiniest units which make up all living things,
You could compare them to building blocks, or bricks which make up 
a house. All living things are made up of at least ONE cell, but
many are made up of thousands upon thousands of cells.
Cells are extremely tiny, and can usually be seen only through
a microscope. They come in differnet shapes, depending on
the function they have in the animal or plant where they are
found. 
I recommend that you vist this site below to find out more
about theri structure and functions,
http://www.kapili.com/biology4kids/cell/index.html
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 I need help gathering information on 
Nebraska. Can you help me?

 

 Here's a lot of information.  Use what you need, please. 

Mike Online 
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Nebraska, one of the West North Central states of the United States, bounded on the north by South Dakota, on the east by Iowa and Missouri, on the south by Kansas, on the southwest by Colorado, and on the west by Wyoming. The Missouri River forms the eastern boundary.

Nebraska entered the Union on March 1, 1867, as the 37th state. Nebraska has traditionally been known as an agricultural state. By the 1990s, although it remained one of the leading agricultural producers in the country, Nebraska had a diversified economy, dominated by services and manufacturing. President Gerald R. Ford was born in the state. The name Nebraska is derived from a Siouan Indian expression meaning ìflat or broad water,î a reference to the Platte River. Nebraska is called the Cornhusker State.

Land and Resources
Nebraska, with an area of 200,358 sq km (77,358 sq mi), is the 16th largest state in the U.S.; 1.1% of the land area is owned by the federal government. The state is roughly rectangular in shape, and its extreme dimensions are about 330 km (about 205 mi) from north to south and about 675 km (about 420 mi) from east to west. Elevations rise gradually, with considerable uniformity from east to west, and range from 256 m (840 ft) on the Missouri River, in the southeastern corner of the state, to 1654 m (5426 ft) near the junction of the Wyoming and Colorado borders. The approximate mean elevation is 792 m (2600 ft).

Physical Geography
Although Nebraska lacks high mountains or rugged hill lands, its plains topography displays a variety of landscapes. The eastern portion of the state, the Dissected Till Plains, was once covered by glaciers, which deposited a deep layer of till (mixed clay and stones). A wind-carried deposit of fine silt (loess) was laid on top of this, and the surface was gradually cut up (dissected) by the action of streams and rivers. The dark, fertile soils of this region form some of the state's richest farmland. The western four-fifths of Nebraska lies in the Great Plains region. The surface of this region was largely formed as beds of sands, gravels, silts, and muds were deposited by streams flowing from the Rocky Mountains to the west. In the south central area of Nebraska the flat and fertile Loess Plains were formed by the accumulation of windblown silt. To the north of the Platte River are the low Sand Hills, which are ancient sand dunes. In the western Panhandle, erosion has produced isolated buttes and, in the extreme northwest, the picturesque Badlands region.

Rivers and Lakes
Nebraska is drained entirely by the Missouri River and its tributaries. Most rivers flow east or southeast, and most are wide and shallow. The state's principal river, the Platte, is formed by the confluence of the North and South Platte rivers, both of which rise in the Rocky Mountains. The Platte River flows through central Nebraska to the Missouri River. The Sand Hills are drained by the Niobrara, Elkhorn, and Loup rivers. The Republican and Big Blue rivers drain the southern part of the state, flowing south into Kansas, where they enter the Kansas River. Hundreds of small natural lakes are found in the Sand Hills. The state's largest bodies of water are artificial, including Lewis and Clark Lake, Lake C. W. McConaughy, and Harlan County Lake.

Climate
Nebraska Climate Chart
Nebraska has a continental climate with hot summers and harsh winters. The average annual temperature is about 10.6* C (about 51* F), and temperatures do not vary greatly from one part of the state to another. The recorded temperature has ranged from -43.9* C (-47* F) in 1899 to 47.8* C (118* F) in 1936. Annual precipitation decreases with marked uniformity from a maximum of 813 mm (32 in) in the southeast to only 381 mm (15 in) in the west. In summer warm, moist air masses from the Gulf of Mexico bring frequent thunderstorms and occasional hail and tornadoes. An average of 737 mm (29 in) of snow falls each year, and occasional blizzards trap highway travelers and freeze cattle on the open range. Droughts occur with relative frequency in all parts of the state.

Plants and Animals
Because of its relatively dry climate, Nebraska has a vegetation that is primarily grasslands, with about 2% of the total area under forest cover. Trees exist only along the river valleys and on the higher sandstone escarpments of the northwest. In the east the river valleys are dominated by oak, hickory, and elm trees. Farther west the river valleys are lined with cottonwood, willow, and elm trees. Ponderosa pines grow on the Great Plains escarpments of the northwest. The prairie of the west, once covered with tall bluestem grass, is now mostly cultivated, although the Sand Hills still have such natural grass cover. The dry Panhandle region has a shorter and sparser grama and buffalo grass cover with occasional sagebrush. The sandy plains of the southwest have sand sage mixed with grasses.

Wildlife includes coyote, antelope, deer, fox, badger, and prairie dog. Only a little more than a hundred years ago the Nebraska prairies were the grazing land of millions of bison; today bison are found only in isolated reserves. Pheasants and quail are common, and waterfowl and gulls are found at the many lakes and reservoirs. Fish that inhabit the state's streams and reservoirs include bass, catfish, crappie, sunfish, and pike.

Mineral Resources
Nebraska Badlands
Petroleum is the most important mineral resource and is found in the Great Plains region, especially in the southwest and in the Panhandle. The state, however, does not rank high among the nation's petroleum producers. A small amount of natural gas is also recovered. Most of the other mineral production involves construction materials. Sand and gravel are found in the river valleys, stone (particularly limestone) is found in the east, and clay is present throughout the state.

Population
Nebraska
Nebraska Population Chart
Omaha, Nebraska
According to the 1990 census, Nebraska had 1,578,385 inhabitants, an increase of 0.5% over 1980. The average population density in 1990 was 8 people per sq km (20 per sq mi). Most of the population was concentrated in a corridor along the eastern border and in a belt along the Platte and North Platte rivers. Whites made up 93.8% of the population and blacks 3.6%; additional population groups included 12,344 American Indians, 1943 persons of Korean ancestry, 1806 persons of Vietnamese background, and 1775 persons of Chinese origin. Nearly 37,000 Nebraska residents reported Hispanic ancestry. Roman Catholics (29.4%) formed the largest single religious group, followed by Lutherans (16.3%) and Methodists (11%). In 1990 about 66% of all Nebraskans lived in areas defined as urban, and the rest lived in rural areas. Nebraska had two large cities, Omaha and Lincoln, the capital. The state's next largest citiesóGrand Island, Bellevue, and Kearneyówere considerably smaller.

Education and Cultural Activity
Because most of Nebraska has a low population density, the state's cultural institutions are concentrated mainly in the major cities, especially in Omaha and Lincoln.

Education
Although the first school in Nebraska was established in the 1820s at Fort Atkinson, it was not until 1855 that the first territorial legislature enacted a free school law providing for the establishment of school districts and school boards. The state constitution of 1875 included secondary education in the public educational system. In the late 1980s Nebraska had 1524 public elementary and secondary schools with a combined annual enrollment of about 194,200 elementary pupils and 76,700 secondary students. Some 31,200 students attended private schools. In the same period Nebraska had 36 institutions of higher education with a combined enrollment of about 108,800 students. Among the most notable of these schools were the University of Nebraska with campuses in Lincoln, Omaha, and Kearney; Peru State College (1867), in Peru; Creighton University (1878), in Omaha; Hastings College (1882), in Hastings; Nebraska Wesleyan University (1887), in Lincoln; and Wayne State College (1910), in Wayne.

Cultural Institutions
Many of Nebraska's museums contain exhibits concerning the early pioneer days, such as the Nebraska State Historical Society, in Lincoln; Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer, in Grand Island; High Plains Museum, in McCook; and the Museum of the Fur Trade, near Chadron. Other important museums include the University of Nebraska State Museum, in Lincoln, and the Hastings Museum, in Hastings, both noted for their natural history displays; and the Joslyn Art Museum, in Omaha. Both Omaha and Lincoln support symphony orchestras, and Omaha also has an opera company.

Historical Sites
A number of Nebraska's historical sites mark the pioneers' passage along the Oregon Trail. These include Chimney Rock National Historic Site, near Bayard; Scotts Bluff National Monument, near Gering; and Fort Kearny State Historical Park, near Kearney. Other points of interest are the Harold Warp Pioneer Village, in Minden; Fort Robinson military museum, in Crawford; Pony Express Station, in Gothenburg; Homestead National Monument of America, in Beatrice; Arbor Lodge State Historical Park, including the homestead of Julius Sterling Morton (1832-1902), the originator of Arbor Day, in Nebraska City; and Boys Town, a facility for underprivileged and homeless boys, in Omaha.

Sports and Recreation
Nebraska's numerous lakes and reservoirs provide ample opportunity for swimming, boating, and fishing. Other popular outdoor sports include hunting, camping, hiking, and horse racing. Of particular note is the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, in Valentine, which contains many trails for hiking. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln is noted for fielding excellent football teams.

Communications
In the early 1990s Nebraska had 52 AM and 76 FM radiobroadcasting stations and 27 television stations. The first commercial radio station in Nebraska, WOAW in Omaha, was licensed in 1923. KMTV and WOW-TV in Omaha, the state's first commercial television stations, began operations in 1949. The Nebraska Palladium and Platte Valley Advocate,  published in Bellevue in 1854, was the first newspaper printed in Nebraska. In the early 1990s the state had 20 daily newspapers with a total daily circulation of about 471,300. Influential dailies included the Lincoln Journal,  the Lincoln Star,  and the Omaha World-Herald. 

Government and Politics
Nebraska State Capitol
Nebraska is governed under a constitution adopted in 1875, as amended. An earlier constitution had been adopted in 1866. An amendment to the constitution may be proposed by the legislature, by an initiative, or by a constitutional convention. To become effective, an amendment must be approved by a majority of the persons voting on the issue in a general election.

Executive
The chief executive of Nebraska is a governor, who is popularly elected to a 4-year term and who is limited to a maximum of two consecutive terms. The lieutenant governor, who succeeds the governor should the latter resign, die, or be removed from office, is elected to a 4-year term and may be reelected any number of times. Other elected state officials include the secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, and auditor of public accounts.

Legislature
Nebraska is the only state with a unicameral legislature. It consists of 49 senators elected to 4-year terms on a nonpartisan ballot.

Judiciary
Nebraska's highest court, the supreme court, is composed of seven justices. The court of appeals consists of six judges. The major trial courts are the district courts, with a total of 48 judges. Judges of all these courts are initially appointed by the governor for a 3-year period; each judge must then be approved by the voters in the next general election. If elected, judges serve 6-year terms; they must be approved by the voters thereafter every six years. Other courts include county and municipal courts.

Local Government
In the early 1990s Nebraska had 93 counties and about 535 incorporated cities and towns. Two-thirds of the counties were governed by elected boards of commissioners. Cities employed the mayor-council form of government.

National Representation
Nebraska elects two senators and three representatives to the U.S. Congress. The state has five electoral votes in presidential elections.

Politics
Despite a Republican edge in party registration, state and local races are closely contested. Democrats held the governorship and Nebraska's two U.S. Senate seats for most of the period from the late 1970s through the early 1990s. In presidential elections, Nebraska is usually in the Republican column.

Economy
Nebraska Corn
Since its early settlement in the mid-19th century, Nebraska has had an economy based on agriculture, specifically the raising of livestock and the growing of corn (for feed) and wheat. During the 1930s the economy suffered from the effects of Great Depression and an extended drought. Since World War II the construction of flood-control projects has been responsible for the increased area of farmland under irrigation. Although farming is still extremely important, services and manufacturing have expanded rapidly in recent decades.

Agriculture
Nebraska Wheat Field
Cattle Ranch
Farming accounts for 11% of the annual gross state product in Nebraska. The state has some 56,000 farms, which average 340 hectares (841 acres) in size. More than 95% of the state's total land area is under agricultural use. Livestock products make up nearly two-thirds of Nebraska's yearly farm income. Nebraska ranks as one of the top three cattle-producing states in the country. Large ranches dominate cattle production and are located primarily in the Sand Hills, the Panhandle, and the southwest. Ranchers ship the cattle east for feeding before they are sent to market. Dairying and hog production are concentrated in the eastern half of the state. Sheep are raised in most parts of the state, but especially in the Panhandle. Poultry raising is important in the eastern region of Nebraska.

Crops make up more than one-third of Nebraska's annual agricultural income. Corn, the most important crop and the dominant feed grain, forms the basis of the state's livestock industry. It is grown throughout the state but especially in the northeastern, eastern, and south central areas. Other major crops are grain sorghum, grown in the southeastern and south central regions; soybeans, grown in the eastern third of the state; and wheat, grown in the south and the Panhandle. Hay is produced throughout the state. Barley, rye, oats, and millet are grown on a smaller scale in the west and northeast. Sugar beets, beans, and potatoes are grown in the west in the vicinity of the North Platte River. Nebraska is one of the top states in the amount of land under irrigation. Most irrigated land is found in the semiarid west and in the south central counties.

Forestry and Fishing
Forestry is of little importance to the Nebraska economy. Small amounts of oak, hickory, and walnut are cut for furniture and lumber. The commercial fish catch is of negligible value.

Mining
The mining industry accounts for less than 1% of the annual gross state product in Nebraska. Petroleum makes up about half of the total value of minerals produced; most of the output comes from the southeast and the Panhandle. Other mineral commodities include sand and gravel, stone, clay, cement, lime, and gems.

Manufacturing
Enterprises engaged in manufacturing account for 13% of the annual gross state product and employ some 95,000 workers. The leading industry is food processing; meat products are particularly important. The other leading industries manufacture industrial machinery and electronic equipment. Among these manufactures are motor-vehicle parts and telephone equipment. The chief industrial center is Omaha; it is a major national livestock market and a printing and publishing center and has an important insurance industry. Lincoln is the second most important industrial city, with diversified products. Other manufacturing centers include Grand Island, Hastings, Kearney, North Platte, and Scottsbluff.

Tourism
Each year visitors produce more than $1.7 billion for the Nebraska economy. Many of the state's leading tourist attractions are located in the Platte River valley, through which passed the old Oregon, Mormon, and Overland trails, as well as the Pony Express and Union Pacific Railroad. Another popular attraction is Agate Fossil Beds National Monument. The state maintains a system of 87 parks and recreation areas. The home of Buffalo Bill (William F. Cody) is preserved on a state park near North Platte.

Transportation
Railroads are important in Nebraska because most of the state's grain production is still shipped by rail. The state has a total of about 6680 km (about 4150 mi) of Class I track. The rail network is most dense in the southeast. The state is also served by a system of about 148,710 km (about 92,405 mi) of federal, state, and local roads. This includes 776 km (482 mi) of interstate highway, which spans the state from east to west and links the major cities. The road network is more dense in the east than in the west.

The Missouri River is the only navigable watercourse in Nebraska. It is open to barge traffic as far north as Dakota City for seven or eight months a year. Air travel is important because of the sparse settlement of much of the state. Nebraska has 283 airports and 18 heliports; more than a dozen cities have regularly scheduled air service. Omaha accounts for the leading share of the state's commercial air traffic, with Lincoln occupying second place.

Energy
Electricity generating plants in Nebraska have a total capacity of approximately 5.5 million kw and produce about 21.6 billion kwh of electricity each year. Two large nuclear power facilities account for about 35% of the state's annual electric output. Most of the remainder is provided by conventional steam plants using fossil fuels. About 5% of the state's electricity is produced by hydroelectric installations. Nebraska is unique among the states in that all electricity generation and distribution is controlled by publicly owned facilities.

History
The Spanish explorer Francisco V·squez de Coronado is believed to have been the first European to see the area that is now Nebraska, in 1541. In 1720 Colonel Pedro de Villasur, a Spanish soldier, led an expedition into Nebraska; he and his party were massacred by Indian tribes. The French controlled the territory from 1700 to 1763, when it was ceded to Spain.

U.S. Territory
Watercolor of Omaha
In 1803 Nebraska became a United States possession as a result of the Louisiana Purchase. Between 1804 and 1806 the Lewis and Clark expedition explored a portion of the territory. In 1807 Manuel Lisa (1772-1820), of Spain, established a trading post and became the first permanent white settler in the area. The American Fur Company established (1810) a post in the region at Bellevue. Fort Atkinson was built (1819) on what is now the site of Fort Calhoun, but growth was slow.

The Oregon and California trails led through Nebraska; these routes to the West were responsible for the gradual settlement of the region despite the fact that in 1834 the federal government had declared Nebraska part of the Indian Country from which all whites were excluded. Nebraska was successively part of the territories of Indiana, Louisiana, and Missouri. On May 30, 1854, it became the territory of Nebraska.

Statehood
Farming During the Great Depression
Immigration to the territory increased with the passage of the Pacific Railroad Act and the Free Homestead Act in 1862. On March 1, 1867, Nebraska achieved statehood, and the capital was established at Lincoln. The Union Pacific became (1867) the first railroad to cross the state. Because the economy of Nebraska has always depended upon agriculture, agrarian movements have been important. The Grange (see: National Grange) was strong in the 1870s, as were the Farmers' Alliances in the 1880s.

After 1890 farm prices soared as Nebraska began to irrigate crops. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, however, many farmers, unable to meet mortgage payments, lost their property. Agricultural output rose again after World War II with the federally assisted construction of flood-control dams to aid Nebraska and other states drained by the Missouri River. As scientific methods advanced, farms became larger and fewer, thus reducing the need for farm workers, many of whom moved to cities. This shift was partly offset by the development of oil fields, which stimulated rapid economic growth.

Although Nebraska remains heavily dependent on its increasingly mechanized agriculture, the urban population continues to expand. Nebraska has, therefore, redoubled its efforts to attract new industries and, simultaneously, to satisfy the demands on its social services.

 10 x 56 

 Hi,

Whenever you multiply by 10, you just add a zero to the number.
So, 10x56=560

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I had already asked you people about transferring decimals, fractions, percents. Would you please explain how this works. Then give me examples,questions,so I can practice and the answers. Then help me understand how to find percents with changing the percent into a decimal. Also give me examples,guestions, and the answers. 

 Hi,

Question:  How do I change a decimal to a fraction?

To change a decimal, think about what that
decimal is in words first.  That will give you a clue on how to
write it as a fraction.

0.7 is 7 TENTHS

Seven Tenths means that for our fraction, our numerator is 7
and denominator 10

So,              7
         0.7 =  ---
                10

0.68 is 68 HUNDRETHS

Sixty Eight hundreths means that for our fraction, our numerator
is 68 and our denominator 100.


So,          68
     0.68 =----
              100


0.154 means 154 THOUSANDTHS.
That means our numerator is 154 and our denominator 1000.

                           154
                0.154=-----
                         1000

Let's look at a more complicated decimal namely 0.34582

This number is 34,582 HUNDRED THOUSANDTHS.

So, our numerator is 34,582 and our denominator 100,000.

                           34,582
         0.34582 = -----------
                         100,000

Question: How do I write a fraction as a decimal?

 If we read the fraction 67/100 we get 67 hundredths, which is the 
decimal 0.67.   

If you had a fraction like 8/25, we would have to write an
equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100 or 1000 or 10,000.

So, let's write 8/25 as a fraction with denominator 100.
What would we have to multiply 25 by to get 100?  4x25=100.

So, we multiply numerator and denominator of 8/25 by 4.

   8     8x4      32
  --- = ----- =  ----
  25     25x4     100

Now, we can read our fraction as 32 hundredths, and write the
equivalent decimal 0.32.

Quesiton: What is a percent?

A percent is just a fraction with denominator 100!!!

So, we need to find equivalent fractions with denominator 100
to be able to figure out percents.

Let's do a few examples, and hopefully that will help.

 3
--- =
 4

What do we have to multiply 4 by in order to get 100?
25, so we multiply numerator and denominator by 25.


 3     3x25     75
--- = ----- =  ----  So, you get 75%
 4     4x25     100

Let's try 

  5
 ---
  8

What do you have to multiply 8 by in order to get 100 (you
may want to use your calculator to find that by 100/8)?

12.5!!!  So, we multiply numerator and denominator by 12.5

  5     5x12.5    62.5
 --- = ------- = ------ = 62.5%
  8     8x12.5    100

Question:  How do I change a percent into a decimal?

Since a percent is a fraction with denominator 100, we know
that 67% is 67 hundreths, which translates directly to 0.67.
We change a percent into a decimal by moving the decimal point
two places to the left.  0.7% woould be 0.007 as a decimal.

Question:  How do I change a decimal into a percent?

You move the decimal two places to the right to write a decimal
as a percent.  So, 0.592 would be 59.2%


Here are some practice exercises:

I'll give you either a fraction, decimal or percent.  You write
what I've given you as the other two.

3/4

3/10

8/25

5/8

7/125

0.45

0.223

1.93

0.8949

0.439

56%

93.4%

0.07%

125%

0.8%


Make a copy of these questions along with your answers and post
it to the KiddoNet Ask a Teacher Board, and I'll check them for 
you.

I look forward to seeing your work. 

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I bneed to know research of the capital of Washington DC,hotdogs pizza ,punk styles,flag,statue of liberty,cats, cradle,string,games,and the song My country tears of the
  

 You need a bunch of information on various topics.  I think the
best idea is to go to the KiddoNet Homework Helper ENCYCLOPEDIA 
and type in each topic, get information, then another topic, until
you get all that you need.

Some of your research could be done in a library on their 
online computer, probably.

Good luck.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Can you show me the parts of speech? 

                            Sped-up Grammar    

                           By Mike Online
			       Your KiddoNet Homework Helper		

            Congratulations!  You’ve landed on planet English. 

No kidding, the following stuff is such basic English "fuel" that to blast off academically, early on in school (or NOW!), you’ll do well to know these eight PARTS OF SPEECH (and how to use them) like you know the color of your best friend’s eyes: REALLY well!  

QUESTION:  "But how do I remember them?"  Practice -  over and over.  The best practice is to WRITE COMPLETE SENTENCES. THEN shoot your eight sentences, one for each PART OF SPEECH to KiddoNet’s Homework Helper [Language Arts] site.... When your sentences land there, we’ll check your work to see if you’re doing it right . And if you’re making mistakes (as everybody does - or they can't improve!), then we’ll make corrections and suggestions to help you.   

Ready now to learn? It’ll take alittle work, but that can be a good feeling.   Okay,  now get ready, get set... yawn.   Wrong!  Ready, get set, and go make the most interesting and creative sentences you can think of!   REMEMBER, WE’RE STANDING BY TO HELP YOU. (P.S. Keep in mind that good sentences are the jumping off point for all good writing: for themes, essays, stories, book reports, poems, letters, research papers, journals, TV scripts, resumes, all of them.  Okay, okay, enough said: 

1. NOUN:  A noun is a word that names something: a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.  Examples are:

   Nelson Mandela / president                     Oregon / state                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
   "The Lion King"/film                           Buddhism/religion
   Northwestern Memorial Hospital / building

2. PRONOUN: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.  Examples are:

   I, we, you, she, he, they, it , which, that, themselves, whoever, 
   whatever, me, my, mine, ours, his, hers, theirs                

3. VERB: A verb is a word that expresses action or state of being: Examples are:

   is, are, was ,were, bite, hurt, break, catch, drag, eat, fly, 
   give, ride, run, see, sit, tear, throw, scream, hate, love

4. ADJECTIVE:  An adjective describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.  (The                                                                                                                     articles A, AN, and THE are adjectives.)   Examples are:

   Advertising is A BIG and POWERFUL industry.
   A, BIG, and POWERFUL modify industry; also: rich, happy, fat, ugly, and more

5. ADVERB:  An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.  An 
adverb tells how, when, where, why, how often, or how much.    Examples are:

   today, yesterday, here, there, precisely, regularly, greatly, partly, slow,
   slowly, quick, quickly, actually, surprisingly,  amazingly

6. PREPOSITION:  A preposition is a word (or group of words)  that introduces a 
phrase, which in turn modifies some other word in the sentence.  The first noun
following the preposition is its object.   Examples are:

   above, across, after, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, over, through, to 
   until, up, with, under

7. CONJUCTION:  A conjunction connect individual words or groups of words. Examples are:
 
   and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, because

8. INTERJECTION:  An interjection is included in a sentence in order to 
communicate strong emotion or surprise.  Punctuation (often a comma or an
exclamation point) is used to set an interjection off from the rest of the sentence. An interjection can also be a sentence in itself.Examples are:

   Help!  Ouch!  Good grief, I’m stuck again. See assignment below!    

________________________________________________________________________________
                        HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT!

So that’s it: you've just read the sped-up EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH.  Now for ALITTLE work to see what you've learned...  

Please write eight sentences, one for each part of speech, send them to Homework Helper, and let us check your work.  YOU and your teacher will be surprised at how much improvement will take place if you give it a chance, work at it, and LET US HELP.    

By the way, you can send the eight sentences to us, just like you were asking a question for Language Arts in Homework Helper. There’s plenty of room. Just say, "correct my sentences"; then list them.  Also, please CAPITALIZE the part of speech you are showing in each sentence.  And if you want, create a short story out of the eight sentences to make it more fun.  

HELPFUL HINTS: Try to do your best work. That means check it over before you send it in to us.  Be creative and funny if you want, but most importantly, please be as accurate as you can.  Oh, and there's no grade, only help. 

So good luck!  We appreciate your extra special effort to get ahead - and that's what it is!  Sure, it takes work, but in the long run it'll make it EASIER for you.  Remember the tortoise and the hare story: the bragging hare runs faster at first, but at the end the persistent hare wins!
   

 who were some famous people from Mexico and what is Santa Ana famous for?
 

 Here's information on Santa Ana.

Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de (1794-1876), Mexican general and dictator, who dominated Mexican politics for a quarter of a century.

Santa Anna was born in Jalapa on February 21, 1794, and joined the army in his midteens. In 1821 he took part in the revolt against the Spaniards as a supporter of AgustÌn Iturbide but soon turned against him and helped to establish the republic in 1823. Six years later he led the forces that thwarted the Spanish in recapturing Mexico, and in 1833 he was elected president. He commanded the Mexican army that stormed the Alamo during the Texas Revolution of 1835-36 and killed all 187 defenders, but he was shortly afterward defeated and captured by Sam Houston's Texans. In 1838 he commanded the forces that repulsed the French at Veracruz; losing a leg in the fighting, he was hailed as a hero, and by 1841 he was ensconced as president with dictatorial powers. Overthrown in 1845, he was recalled the following year to lead the army against the United States in the Mexican War. Following the fall of Mexico City in 1847, he fled to Jamaica, but in 1853 he was again recalled and once more established himself as a dictator. His harsh administration led to his overthrow two years later at which time he went into a prolonged exile in the Caribbean. He was finally allowed to return to Mexico in 1874 and died in Mexico City, old and penniless, on June 20, 1876.

As for famous Mexicans, the list is huge.  Maybe go to 
KiddoNet Homework Helper ENCYCLOPEDIA and type in MEXICO.
You will find heros ranging from Diego Rivera (painter/muralist) to
military people to early native Mexicans like Montezuma.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 do animals  live  long?








        from 



    michael   hammer 

 Dear Michael,
         Some animals live for a long time and others for
a short time.We call the time  they can live , their life span.

There are  some tiny worms which do 
not live longer than about 10 days.

A mouse has a life span of about  2 years.

Rabbits can live for about 7 years.

The canary bird has a life span of about 13 years.

Dogs have a life span of about 15 years.

Some Bear can live for 20 years and seals for 25 years.

Gorillas can live from about 30 to 50 years.

The fin whales are known to live up to about 100 years.

We ,the humans have a long life span of between about 70 and 100 
years.
So as you see the answer is that every animal
has its own life span,and some can live for a long time.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper
              

 1-(-90)+12= 

 Hi,

Subtraction is defined to be adding the opposite.

So, 1- (-90) +12 can be rewritten as

1+ 90 +12 since the opposite of -90 is 90

Now we do the addition

1+90+12=91+12=103

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 1-{5+4}5= 

 Hi,

We must use our order of operations to solve this question.

So, first we do what's in the parentheses, namely 5+4=9, so

1-9(5)

Now we must do the multiplication of 9*5=45

Our question becomes 1-45.

Do you know how to work with negative numbers?  If so, we can
finish the question.  If not, you won't know how to take 45 away
from 1.

Subtraction is adding the opposite, so we get

1+ -45=-44

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What is the triangle inequality? 

 Hi,

The Triangle Inequality is a property relating numbers and
their absolute values.

If a and b are real numbers, than

|a+b| <+ |a|+|b|

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Why are you proud to be an American? 

 One way to answer this question is to give YOUR personal
opinion: in other words, give reasons you are proud to be an 
American.   For example, America gives more medical, financial,
and defense aid to the rest of the world than any other country;
in other words, America is charitable.  Also, American is a 
beacon of hope for millions worldwide, in that freedom has been
maintained in America for over 200 years (although not for all
groups of Americans).  Also, America has a secure government of 
elected officials which all citizens help place in office and can
throw them out of office, too. In addition, America gives a lot of
room for individual free expression, as long as it is not inciteful (physically threatening)
to the government or individuals or groups, expecially to 
minorities.

Another way to answer your question is to pass out a written
questionnaire or ask people your question and then give the 
results; this is an opinion poll and could be interesting.  You 
could interview friends, family, teachers, even strangers.

However you do come up with an answer, good luck. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 WHAT HAPPENED WHEN THE ROMANS LEFT BRITAIN
 

 I think this will help you - from pre-Roman through Roman times. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Ancient Britain is the term used to denote the island of Great Britain before the Germanic invasions. The name Britain comes from the Latin name Britannia, which the ancient Romans applied to the island, and the name Britain is still widely used to mean Great Britain or even all of the British Isles.

Pre-Roman Britain
Avebury Stone Circle, England
Before the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century ad, the island was not significant in the history of Western civilization. The first detailed description of it and its inhabitants was written by the Greek navigator Pytheas, who explored the coastal region about 325 bc. Little trace, however, has been left of the language or civilization of the original inhabitants, other than megalithic monuments, such as Stonehenge, which date from the Bronze Age (circa 2000 bc). Between the Bronze Age and about the 6th century bc, Britain was inhabited by Picts and European Celts, who periodically invaded the British Isles until the 1st century bc.

Roman Britain
Roman Britain
Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 bc and returned the following year to defeat the native forces. The inhabitants, referred to collectively as Britons, maintained political freedom and paid tribute to Rome for almost a century before the Roman emperor Claudius I initiated the systematic conquest of Britain in ad 43. By 47, Roman legions had occupied all the island south of the Humber River and east of the Severn River. The tribes, notably the Silures, inhabitants of what are now the Wales and Yorkshire regions, resisted stubbornly for more than 30 years, a period that was marked by the abortive and bloody rebellion in 61 led by the native queen Boudicca. At this time Britain became an imperial province of Rome, called Britannia, administered by Roman governors. About 79, Roman legions subdued the tribes in Wales and established partial control over those in Yorkshire. Between 79 and 85, Roman forces commanded by Gnaeus Julius Agricola moved through the northern section of the island, completing their conquest to the Firth of Forth. Agricola also pushed northward into Caledonia (now called Scotland), but the region between the firths of Forth and Clyde remained disputed territory. The Caledonian tribes, the Picts, retained their independence.

Little is known of the relations between the Britons and their conquerors between 85 and 115. Shortly after 115, the natives rose in revolt against their overlords and annihilated the Roman garrison at Eboracum (now York). As a result, the Roman emperor Hadrian visited Britain in 122 and began the construction of a rampart 112 km (70 mi) long, reaching from Solway Firth, on the Irish Sea, to the mouth of the Tyne River. Fragments of this wall, called Hadrian's wall, still stand. Twenty years later, another wall, called the Antonine Wall, was built across the narrowest part of the island, from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde. The region between the two walls was a defense area against the Caledonians, who were eventually driven north of Hadrian's Wall in the 3d century. The wall marked the northern Roman frontier during the next 200 years, a period of relative peace.

During the period of conquest and military campaigns, Britain was a military stronghold of the Roman army, but the people of Britain benefited from Roman technology and cultural influences. The native tribes became familiar with many features of Roman civilization, including its legal and political systems, architecture, and engineering. Numerous towns were established, and these strongholds were linked by a vast network of military highways, many remnants of which survive. Archaeological evidence from the occupation period indicates that the Romans brought their entire culture to Britain. In general, however, only the native nobility, the wealthier classes, and the town residents accepted the Roman language and way of life, while the Britons in outlying regions retained their native culture.

At the end of the 3d century, the Roman army began to withdraw from Britain to defend other parts of the Roman Empire. In 410, when the Visigoths invaded Rome, the last of the Roman legions were withdrawn from the island. Celtic culture again became predominant, and Roman civilization in Britain rapidly disintegrated. Roman influence virtually disappeared during the Germanic invasions in the 5th and 6th centuries. Thereafter the culture of the Angles and Saxons spread throughout the island. Historians refer to Britain after the Germanic invasions as England, Scotland, and Wales.

 how is magma pushed out of the earth? 

 Dear Friend,
Deep inside the earth near its center,
where pressures and temperatures are very,very high,
Rock is melted into a substance which is called MAGMA.
 This Magma can reach the earths surface through
the explosion of volcanoes.It is forced out by great pressures under the
earths surface.
When MAGMA come out of the surface of the earth i
t is called LAVA and not Magma.


Ingrid, Your Science Helper.

 Toby rode the train 10 more times than billdid. Altogether both boys rode the train 60 times. How many times did bill ride.
 

 Hi,

Number of Toby's Train Rides = 10+(Bill's Train Rides)

Total Number of Train Rides=Number of Tobys's Train Rides +
                             Number of Bill's Train Rides

60=10+(Bill's Train Rides)+Bill's Train Rides

60=10+2*(Bill's train Rides)

50=2*(Bill's Train Rides)

50/2=Bill's Train Rides

So, Bill road the train 25 times and Toby 35 times.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Help me with 643*5 48.32*7 = what
 

 Hi,

We can multiply numbers in any order, so let's first rewrite
this question as 643*7*548.32

So, first let's multiply 643*7

            32
            643
           x  7
         -------
           4501

Now we can multiply 4501*548.32.  When multiplying by a decimal
first multiply the numbers as if there were no decimal:

           54832
          x 4501
         --------
           54832
          00000
        274160
      +219328
     ------------
       246798832

Now we have to put the decimal into our answer..since there
are two place values to the right of the decimal in the
number 548.32, we start at the furthest to the right in
our answer 246798832 and put the decimal point two place
values to the left...2467988.32

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what words end with ology?
 

 ology is a suffix (word ending) which means: study, science, 
or theory.

EXAMPLES are: biology, anthropology, geology, neurology, psychology,
astrology, physiology, and so on.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 How many 3/4 are in 1?
 

 Hi,

one 3/4 is 3/4    
                               2      1
Two 3/4 would be 3/4+3/4+6/4=1--- = 1---
                               4      2

So, in the whole number 1 there is only ONE 3/4.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 how do i find pictures for my project
 

 We cannot suppy pictures.  What is your project, though?
Maybe we can recommend somewhere to find pictures.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 parts of the brain
 

 Dear Friend,
Take a look at this picture of the brain at the
 following internet site
http://www.ssanpete.k12.ut.us/ems/old/Staff/Bishop/Bishop-7/bodysys/brain.htm

There are 3 mainparts, and many other smaller parts.
 All parts of the brain have very important functions.
The Cerbrum is the part of the brain where we find
the intellgence, personlity and thinking processes.
The cerebrum is also used  as a center for all of our senses, like vision, hearing and 
speech.     
The second large part of the brain is the cerebellum.
It has several functions, including coordination 
of the body and balance.      
All of our vital functions (the functions which keep us alive)
such as  breathing and heart beat,
Are controlled by a third part called the medulla oblongata.

Ingrid, your Science Helper                                    

 How do you wright quarter to 4 in numbers? 

 Hi,

If we are talking about the time of day fifteen minutes to 
four o'clock, that is the same as saying 45  minutes after
three o'clock.  So, we write that as 3:45...we always write
time as the number of minutes after a certain hour.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I have to write a persuasive research paper on the effects of T.V. on children.  I chose to write on the positive effects.  Where can I find factual information on this subject as well as the opposing view? 

 First, I am giving you some general information on the effects of
T.V. on viewers, much of which applies to both adults and children.

Second, I think you will find more information by going to the 
following site and typing in "Effects of Television on Children."

Go to   http://www.altavista.com

There you will find various sources of information to round out 
a persuasive research paper.  

NOW FOR SOME HINTS TO HELP YOU:

Think carefully about the topic and make sure you know what
your THESIS STATEMENT is: for example: Grades and creativity 
of children suffer from excessive and random TV viewing.  In 
PERSUASIVE writing, your thesis statement is called the 
proposition - it is a statement of what you propose to prove in
your writing. Use examples to illustrate your points. Rely on 
logic, not emotion.  Use your two strongest arguments first and 
last.  People are much more likely to remember arguments placed in
these positions than the others.   Gather and list your arguments 
and maybe discuss them with others before you start writing.

Now for some general information:

Social Criticism of Television
Television influences people's mental picture of the world, 
especially their perceptions of distant events. This is 
particularly true for younger viewers, who rely heavily on 
television and other media for their understanding of the world 
beyond their neighborhoods. As the predominant mass medium, 
television is greatly criticized for failing to provide a
complete, unbiased picture of reality. Similar critiques were 
leveled at radio, motion pictures, and comic books in the past 
and may in the future be directed toward new media of mass 
communications. Criticism of television has focused on three 
issues: violence, racial and sexual stereotyping, and 
commercialism.

Violence
Some individuals and citizens' groups have expressed concern 
about the level of violence in television programs, particularly 
in action-adventure series and cartoons. They argue that viewers, 
especially children, may learn to see violence as the only way to 
cope.

Early experimental researchers compared the play of children who 
had seen aggressive behavior on television with the play of a 
control group of children who had watched nonviolent programs. 
Concern was intensified by findings that indicated a higher level 
of aggressive play in the violent-television group. Other 
researchers attempted to determine whether violent programs 
simply stimulated higher energy levels in children or actually 
caused them to learn violent and antisocial behavior. The results 
of different studies conflicted. Some researchers claimed that 
televised violence actually had a positive cathartic effect, 
allowing some viewers to release pent-up tensions; these 
findings, however, were not replicated in further studies. 
Other scholars pointed out that both prosocial and antisocial 
behavior can be learned from television.

Social scientists find it especially difficult to assess 
accurately the subtle, cumulative effects of viewing a broad 
variety of television programs throughout childhood. 
Distinguishing the possible effects of television from other 
influences at home and at school is also difficult. Current 
research suggests that slightly to moderately higher levels of 
antisocial behavior can be traced to television viewing, but a 
final verdict has not been reached.

Because of the long-standing tradition in the U.S. of freedom of 
speech and of the press, the government would probably not 
attempt to directly limit or censor the depiction of violence 
on television. Among the networks and producers, pressure from 
concerned citizens continues to be balanced by the undiminished 
popularity of high-energy action-adventure programs.

Racial and Sexual Stereotypes
Television's treatment of sexual and racial stereotypes also 
has aroused concern. Blacks were long underrepresented in 
television drama and were rarely shown in roles involving 
leadership and professional achievement. Few roles depicted 
women as successful professionals; most often they played the 
parts of housewives and mothers. In the 1970s the level of 
televised violence remained unchanged, but the number of women 
and blacks shown in professional roles expanded greatly. It is 
unclear, however, whether television simply reflected a changing 
American society, or whether it played a role in bringing these 
issues to public attention.

Commercialism
Cigarette Advertising
Modern Radio
Television's emphasis on commercials and on conspicuous 
consumption of material goods is also criticized. In radio's 
early days many people believed that even a single commercial 
would be inappropriate on a public medium and that hucksterism on 
the airwaves should be forbidden. In some countries, such as the 
Netherlands, that belief is still strong, and no advertisements 
are broadcast. In the U.S., however, commercial support became 
the economic base of the industry. Although the average American 
accepts the mixture of commercials with regular programming as 
natural, critics still decry television advertising's subtle 
forms of propaganda and its emphasis on competitive consumerism. 
In the absence of public dissatisfaction, however, such critiques 
are unlikely to bring about change.

With the advent of spot advertising in the 1960s, individual 
sponsors could no longer control or censor particular programs. 
Nonetheless, most industry observers agree that sponsors seek to 
protect the image of their products. This concern leads to an 
atmosphere in which direct confrontation over controversial 
issues is avoided.

Good luck on your paper and if you need more help on outlining or 
writing, please get back to me.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 where can I find out info on Cabeza De Vaca?
 

 Here!

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez (1490?-1557?), Spanish explorer, born 
in Jerez de la Frontera. In 1527 he was appointed treasurer of a 
royal expedition of about 300 men led by the Spanish soldier 
P·nfilo de Narv·ez to conquer and colonize Florida. The 
expedition sailed into Tampa Bay about April 1528, began an 
overland march to Apalachee Bay, and then attempted to reach 
Mexico. During the next two years more than half the men died, 
and Cabeza de Vaca emerged as the leader. He led a small band of 
survivors to an island, possibly Galveston Island, off the 
southwestern coast of what is now Texas, where the band was 
captured by Indians. Early in 1535, Cabeza de Vaca and the three 
other survivors of the expedition escaped and began a trek 
through what are now the southwestern United States and northern
Mexico. In 1536 the four men reached a Spanish settlement on the 
Sinalo River in Mexico. Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain in 1537 
and was rewarded with an appointment as governor of RÌo de la Plata (now largely Paraguay).

In 1541-42 Cabeza de Vaca led an expedition 1609 km (1000 mi) 
through the south of present-day Brazil to AsunciÛn, the capital 
of RÌo de la Plata. He took office as governor of the province in 
1542 but was ousted two years later as the result of a revolt. 
Recalled to Spain under arrest in 1554, he was later banished to
Africa. In 1556 he obtained a pardon and a pension. His account 
of the Narv·ez expedition, RelaciÛn  (1542), and his tales of 
the ZuÒi Indians and their villages, the legendary Seven Cities 
of CÌbola, encouraged other expeditions to America, notably those 
of the explorers Hernando de Soto and Francisco V·squez de 
Coronado.


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 hello
 

 Dear Friend,
Hello, do you need help with your science homework? Jum on board!
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 How did the Puritans govern the M- assachusetts Bay Colony? 

 Massachusetts Bay Company, English trading company that evolved 
into a theocracy, organized in 1628 as the Governor and Company 
of the Massachusetts Bay in New England. The Council of New 
England granted the Massachusetts Bay Company, under the 
leadership of John Endecott, a piece of land between the Charles 
and Merrimack rivers westward to the Pacific Ocean. Puritan 
leaders in England, including John Winthrop, who in 1629 was 
elected first governor of the colony, saw it as a religious and 
political refuge; under the Cambridge Agreement (1629), Puritans 
(advocates of a more purely Protestant church of England) would 
immigrate to New England on the condition that control of the 
government and the charter of the company be given to the 
settlers. This agreement had far-reaching results in that 
suffrage in the colony came to be restricted to adherents of the 
Puritan philosophy, and the emphasis was shifted from trade to 
religion. Arriving in 1630, Winthrop and some 900 colonists went 
first to Salem, then to Charleston, and finally settled at the 
mouth of the Charles River, where Boston was established. Here 
the company and colony remained one until 1684, when the charter 
was revoked. Another charter was granted in 1691 extending the 
power of the Massachusetts colony over Plymouth and Maine.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 3times1,2345 

 Hi,
'
       111
      12345
     x    3
     -------
      37035

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

                  Cassette Sales
Rock=39%
Show tunes=9%
Miscellaneous=17%     Total 79,358
Jazz=11%
Classical=24%

Use the chart to estimate the sales amounts,in dollars, for the cassette category

1) Rock

2) Miscellaneous

3) Jazz 

 HI,

To find out the sales amount, in dollars, for any of
the categories, we multiply the percent by the total sales.

So, since 39% were rock sales, we would earn 39% of $79,358

or 0.39x79358=$30949.62 or rounded up to the nearest dollar
would be $30950

Since 17% of the $79,358 total sales were miscellaneous,
then 0.17x$79358= $13490.86 were generated in revenue from 
sales of miscellaneous tapes.  If we round up to nearest dollar
it would be $13491.

Since 24% of the $79,358 total sales were for jazz tapes, then
0.4x$79358=$19045.92 [rounded up to nearest dollar of $19046]
were generated from sales of jazz tapes.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teachere

 What is the compound in a chloroplast that traps energy and gives the chloroplast its green color. 

 Dear Friend,
 The name of the compound is
CHLOROPHYLL.
Chlorophyll is a pigment molecule. Pigments are compounds 
which give color to an object.
By the way the prefix "Chloro" means GREEN
and the suffix "phyll" means LEAF

 tell me about the american revolution
 

 Here it is!
Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

American Revolution (1776-83), conflict between 13 British colonies on the eastern seaboard of North America and their parent country, Great Britain. France intervened at a later stage as an ally of the colonies, and the war resulted in the colonies becoming a separate nation, the United States of America. It is also known as the American War of Independence.

Causes of the Revolution
The end of the Seven Years' War (1756-63), which had its North American beginning in 1754 and was known in America as the French and Indian War, resulted in the final expulsion of France both from the continent of North America and from India. In both cases French power was replaced by that of Great Britain. Britain was thus left victorious in both hemispheres, supreme on the high seas, and secure against invasion. It also possessed an enormous and growing volume of maritime commerce. Britain's king, George III, had recently succeeded to the throne, in 1760. Unlike his Hannoverian predecessors, the third George was determined to establish personal rule by using the substantial resources of the Crown to influence individual members of the Whig majority in the House of Commons. A parliamentary faction known as ìthe King's Friendsî soon became powerful in the home government.

The Stamp Act
Tax Stamps
Colonial Resistance
Burdened with a considerable war debt, the administration began stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts restricting colonial trade with other nations. In addition, on the principle that the colonies ought to pay a share of the empire's defense costs, Parliament in 1765 passed the Stamp Act. The revenues derived from this act were intended to pay part of the cost of maintaining a permanent force of British troops to prevent hostilities between the colonists and the Indian tribes of the western frontiers. By this act no official documents, deeds, mortgages, newspapers, or pamphlets could be issued in the colonies unless they bore stamps issued and sold by the British government.

The Stamp Act provoked almost unanimous opposition among the colonists, who regarded it as taxation without representation in Parliament. The act brought to a head the most important of the political issues in dispute between Great Britain and the colonies, namely, whether the legislative authority of Parliament took precedence over that of the various colonial assemblies in America. Since the founding of the colonies the assemblies had passed laws, raised taxes and armies, and carried out most of the other functions of authentic legislative bodies. The colonists insisted that only their own assemblies had the right to make their laws. In addition, they questioned even the right of the king to veto acts of the colonial assemblies.

On these grounds a storm of protest arose against the Stamp Act. In October 1765, delegates from nine colonies met in New York City in the so-called Stamp Act Congress. The delegates petitioned Parliament and the king concerning the grievances of the colonies. To add strength to the formal protest, American merchants banded together and agreed not to buy British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed. The boycott was so effective that commerce between Great Britain and America was brought to a standstill. The following year, yielding not so much to colonial opposition as to the demands of British merchants, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

British Attempts to Coerce Massachusetts
Boston Massacre
Parliament did not, however, thereby give up the right to legislate for the colonies. In 1767, at the urging of the British minister of finance Charles Townshend, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts, which imposed duties on glass, lead, and tea. Furthermore, in violation of the English Bill of Rights, the Townshend Acts denied trial by jury in revenue cases in America and provided for the issuance of general warrants, called writs of assistance. These warrants permitted the search of warehouses, stores, and even homes at any time for smuggled goods.

Once again the colonists violently protested. Boston declared in town meeting that it would thereafter import no British goods on which the new duties had been placed, and the Massachusetts legislature circulated a letter among the other colonies urging similar boycotts.

The king and his ministers thereupon determined to make an example of Massachusetts and particularly the city of Boston. Two battalions of British infantry were ordered from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Boston to frighten the rebellious inhabitants into submission to royal authority. The troops had to be sent from Halifax, because virtually no British troops were stationed in the 13 colonies except a small garrison at New York City and caretaker detachments of artillerymen in the various harbor forts. The colonies had contributed both men and money to the support of the British in the century-long although intermittent struggle with France, and the colonial soldiers had earned the praises of British commanders. The colonies had maintained no regular forces of their own in peacetime, however; they preferred to rely on militia forces, which were well organized and had a number of experienced officers and men, but were generally neglectful of peacetime training. Small arms (mostly smoothbore muskets) were plentiful, especially in rural areas, where hunting was a favorite avocation as well as a means of providing food. Ammunition, especially the basic element, gunpowder, was not plentiful beyond the modest requirements of country households.

The militia was useful only in support of laws that proceeded from the elected colonial assembly. It did not, however, occur to the king's ministers that colonial militia either would be needed to enforce the king's authority or would have any capability for resisting British regular forces if such an attempt was made. The troops sent to Boston in 1768 did not particularly frighten the populace, however. Originally numbering about 1000, under the command of Major General Thomas Gage, these troops were gradually reinforced to about 3500 by the spring of 1770. In March of that year, a riot occurred between Boston citizens, jeering and taunting the soldiers, and the British troops. The troops fired, killing five people. The so-called Boston Massacre aroused great colonial resentment. This anger was soon increased by further parliamentary legislation.

Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770 but, to assert its right to tax the colonies, retained a small tax on tea. In 1773, to induce the colonists to buy British East India Company tea, Parliament reduced British taxes so that the company could sell tea in America at a price even lower than that of duty-free, smuggled tea. The colonists, however, refused to buy the lower-priced English tea as a matter of principle. In Philadelphia and New York City they would not permit British ships to unload tea. In Boston, in the so-called Boston Tea Party, a group of citizens disguised as Indians swarmed over British ships in the harbor and dumped the cargoes of tea into the water.

In retaliation, Parliament passed (1774) a series of laws designed to punish the province of Massachusetts. By these laws, known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts, the port of Boston was declared closed to trade until compensation was made for the destroyed tea; town meetings were forbidden; and certain public buildings were taken over for the use of British troops.

The First Continental Congress
The Intolerable Acts secured for Massachusetts the indignant sympathy of all the colonies. The Virginia assembly sent out a call for a meeting of representatives from the 13 colonies and Canada to consider joint action against the encroachments of parliamentary power on colonial rights. The meeting, known as the First Continental Congress, took place in Philadelphia in September 1774. The Congress consisted of representatives from all 13 colonies except Georgia.

The Congress did not seek independence from Great Britain but attempted to effect a reconciliation with Britain without giving up any colonial rights. It urged the colonies not to carry on any trade with Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed. At the same time the Congress respectfully petitioned King George III to prevent Parliament from violating the rights of the colonists as British subjects, specifying 13 instances in which Parliament had done so. The Congress then adjourned, arranging for a second meeting in May 1775. By that time, however, hostilities had begun between Great Britain and the colonies.

Lexington and Concord
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Old North Bridge
Battle of Lexington
The first armed encounter of the American Revolution took place in Massachusetts, where the British force in Boston numbered some 3500 men. General Gage was aware that the militia members of the outlying towns were being trained and reorganized into active elements known as minutemen, ready for immediate service. Ammunition and military stores were being gathered under direction of a Committee of Safety acting for the provincial assembly. On the night of April 18-19, 1775, Gage sent out about 800 men to seize munitions being gathered at Concord, some 29 km (about 18 mi) from Boston. The move did not escape the vigilance of the Committee of Safety, whose mounted messengers, including a local silversmith named Paul Revere, spurred into the countryside to give the alarm. Early on the morning of April 19, the advance guard of the British force exchanged fire with a party of militia at Lexington; eight Americans were killed, and the British continued marching on to Concord. Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith (1720?-91), the British commander, found militia companies assembling near the town. Most of the military stores had already been removed, and a British attempt to seize one of the two bridges near the town was forestalled by an American counterattack. More militia companies were appearing. Smith, having sent back for reinforcements, took his time reassembling his men for the return march to Boston. That 800 British regulars should be seriously threatened by colonial militiamen, no matter how many, was impossible for a British officer to conceive. British regulars were trained to encounter other regulars in the mechanical formations and volley firing of the rigid European school of war. They were not, however, prepared to use small-unit tactics to drive off persistent attacks by opponents who were accustomed to the individual use of firearms in the open country against targets such as birds and small animals. The British retreat had become a disorganized flight by the time the troops met a supporting force of 1200 men under Sir Hugh Percy (1742-1817). This checked the Americans briefly and enabled the retreat to be continued in somewhat better order. British casualties were 73 killed, 174 wounded, and 26 missing, as against 49 killed, 39 wounded, and 5 missing for the colonists. Militia companies from at least 23 towns took part in this operation, which was nothing less than an uprising in arms of a whole countryside against the British. The American offensive did not end with chasing the invaders back to Boston; militia forces kept coming, closing in on the city, which remained in a stage of siege from April 20, 1775, until the British evacuation on March 17, 1776. General Artemas Ward (1727-1800) of Massachusetts assumed temporary command of the besieging troops, which included units from New Hampshire under Colonel John Stark, from Rhode Island under General Nathanael Greene, and from Connecticut under General Israel Putnam. Greene was a self-taught military expert; Stark and Putnam had extensive prior service in the French and Indian War, as did many other officers and men of the New England militia units. Perhaps more important for the time being was the paralyzing effect on General Gage of the rough handling of Smith's units by those same militia companies. He could not explain how they had done it, and he showed that he did not want to repeat the experienceórather than trying to break the siege lines that had closed around him, he waited for the arrival by sea of reinforcements being sent by the royal government.

The Second Continental Congress and the Siege of Boston
Battle of Bunker Hill
Battle of Bunker Hill
The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, to face the fact that the New England colonies had taken arms against the king's troops. The delegates realized the consequences of this action. They established the Congress as a central government for ìThe United Colonies of America,î adopted the troops engaged in the siege of Boston as their own ìContinental Army,î and by unanimous vote appointed George Washington as commander in chief. This was a deserved tribute to the high military reputation Washington had earned as an officer of the Virginia troops in the French and Indian War. That Washington, a Virginian, was being chosen to command an army then entirely composed of New England militia had little weight against the general confidence in his character as a man and his skill and experience as a soldier. The vote was taken on June 15; Washington received his commission on June 20 and without delay set out for Boston to take up his new responsibilities.

Meanwhile, Gage's expected reinforcements had arrived, raising the strength of his garrison to 8000 men. He now felt that his forces were strong enough to occupy the heights overlooking Boston from the north at Charlestown and from the south at Dorchester. The colonists had advance notice of his intention and promptly sent troops to confront him at Charlestown, where they occupied and began to fortify a height known as Breed's Hill. (The original purpose had been to hold nearby Bunker Hill, but the orders were changed; however, the designation Battle of Bunker Hill has been perpetuated as the name of the ensuing engagement.) On the night of June 16-17, 1200 Americans under Colonel William Prescott (1726-95) occupied Breed's Hill, overlooking Charlestown and the Boston waterfront, and began digging in. On June 17, Gage sent Major General William Howe with about 3000 British infantry to storm the position. The British were confident that in a conventional battle they could readily defeat the American militia, although they still had to face unexpectedly accurate American musket fire, aimed at individual targets. Two British assaults were beaten off with severe losses. A third attack, more carefully prepared, penetrated the American lines. The Americans, almost out of ammunition and without bayonets, fell back in some disorder to Bunker Hill; later they withdrew from this position as well. The British loss was about 1000 men killed and wounded, the American loss about half that number. Technically, the British had won, but the moral effect on both sides was that of an American victory.

On July 3, 1775, Washington assumed command of the American forces with a total strength varying from 13,000 to 16,000, as men came and went almost at will. Washington devoted his immediate efforts to training and reorganizing his army. He could not press the siege of Boston without heavy artillery. For that he would have to wait until winter, when frozen roads and rivers would enable him to drag overland to Boston the guns that had been captured on May 10, 1775, when Ethan Allen of Vermont and Benedict Arnold of Connecticut had surprised and captured the British fort at Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain.

In August 1775 an American force under General Richard Montgomery, a veteran of 15 years service in the British army, invaded Canada; it took MontrÈal in November, but the following month it was defeated at QuÈbec, where Montgomery was killed.

During this winter, however, Colonel Henry Knox, Washington's chief of artillery, brought 59 heavy guns and mortars from Ticonderoga to Boston. On the night of March 4, 1776, Washington occupied Dorchester Heights, overlooking Boston from the south, and began emplacing his newly arrived artillery there. General Howe, who had succeeded Gage, taken completely by surprise, realized that he must storm those gun-crowned heights if he hoped to hold Boston by sea; rather than do this, on March 17 Howe embarked his troops and more than 1000 Loyalists and sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia.

The British Invasion of the North
British Invasion
Washington was under no illusion that Howe's departure from Boston meant the end of British attempts to reduce the American colonies to submission. George III was not likely to give up at a first rebuff, and already word had come that he was engaged in recruiting mercenary troops from Germany. Howe had withdrawn only to reorganize and receive reinforcements. Washington foresaw that when Howe returned in force, New York City with its spacious harbor and immediate access to the interior by way of the Hudson River was by far the most likely place for the British to begin their invasion.

While the Continental Congress in Philadelphia began to think seriously of declaring the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, Washington in New York was wrestling with the problems of preparing to beat off a British invasion, which this time was sure to be made in great force. On June 29, 1776, General Howe arrived off Sandy Hook with a fleet commanded by his brother, Admiral Richard Howe. In this fleet were transports carrying troops of the strongest expeditionary force Britain had ever sent overseas. When fully assembled, this force would number 30,000 troops including 8000 German mercenaries who came chiefly from Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau. To face this onset, Washington had less than 20,000 men, of whom nearly half were inexperienced as soldiers.

In the leisurely manner that was typical of all his operations during the remainder of the war, Howe waited nearly two months before attempting a landing in force. While he waited, the Continental Congressówhich was unfrightened by the appearance of such a large British force off its principal seaportóadopted, on July 4, 1776, a Declaration of Independence declaring that the colonies ìare and of right ought to be free and independent States.î Thereafter the Americans fought no longer as dissatisfied British subjects in rebellion against their king, but as the citizens of a sovereign nation repelling invasion by a foreign power.

Battles Around New York
Washington had taken up positions on Long Island and Manhattan Island awaiting Howe's opening move. On August 22, 1776, it came at last, as British troops began landing in Gravesend Bay. During the next five days the American troops were driven back to Brooklyn Heights, where they were defeated in the Battle of Long Island. They were removed in boats across the East River to Manhattan during the night of August 29-30, under Washington's personal supervision and without interference by a greatly superior enemy force. Still moving with great caution, Howe pushed Washington's forces northward; an indecisive combat on Manhattan Island was followed by the Battle of White Plains (October 28), also without a clear victor. In November the two forts Washington had constructed to keep the British fleet from using the Hudson River were taken. Washington retreated southwestward across New Jersey and then (December 8) across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. Convinced that the Americans were thoroughly beaten and that the Continental Congress would sue for peace, Howe did not pursue Washington, but merely established several outposts in New Jersey and settled down in winter quarters to wait for spring.

Trenton and Princeton
Howe had hardly underestimated the weakness of the American army toward the end of 1776. It consisted of less than 3000 men, badly clothed and equipped and poorly fed. In spite of strenuous efforts on the part of Washington and others to recruit new troops, few citizens cared to join an army that appeared on the point of collapse. It seemed as if total defeat and the end of the new nation were at hand, but by a master stroke of strategy Washington redeemed the situation.

On Christmas night, during a blinding snowstorm, Washington led his troops across the Delaware and with a surprise attack overwhelmed a force of about 900 Hessian soldiers in Trenton. On January 3 Washington struck again, routing three regiments of a force under General Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquis Cornwallis, in the Battle of Princeton. Washington then took up a strong position on high ground at Morristown in north central New Jersey. The British retreated to New York, leaving the American army in full control of New Jersey.

The Campaign of 1777-78
Battle of Germantown
For the campaigning of 1777 the British colonial ministry, headed by Lord George Germain, prepared a plan by which they hoped to end the rebellion in the colonies before the end of the year. The plan was to cut the colonies in two by separating New England, already blockaded by sea, from the southern colonies. A British army under General John Burgoyne was to land in Canada and move south from MontrÈal to Albany, New York. Another force of British and Indians under Colonel Barry St. Leger (1737-89) was to move east from Lake Ontario through the Mohawk Valley and meet Burgoyne's troops at Albany. Finally, Howe was to send a force from New York City up the Hudson Valley to join the other two columns at Albany.

The plan was too complicated to be successful in such terrains and with poor communications. St. Leger marched east to Fort Stanwix but was unable to capture it, and he retreated on the approach of a relief force under Benedict Arnold.

Saratoga
Surrender at Saratoga, New York
Burgoyne, at the head of 7000 men, was at first successful. On July 6 he took Fort Ticonderoga, and by July 29 he had reached the upper Hudson River. While waiting there for additional supplies from Canada, Burgoyne sent a Hessian foraging party east into Vermont; this force was cut to pieces in the Battle of Bennington by New Hampshire militia commanded by General John Stark. The American victory not only cost Burgoyne heavy casualties but stimulated American militia enlistments. Burgoyne proceeded south in September but was defeated in two battles at Saratoga by American militiamen and Continental troops commanded by Major General Horatio Gates. On October 17 Burgoyne surrendered his army, reduced to 5000 men, to Gates.

Howe's Capture of Philadelphia
Washington at Valley Forge
Germain's plan calling for Howe to move his forces north up the Hudson to support Burgoyne was not followed. Howe, having received no orders to go north, moved south to attack Philadelphia. Such a move, Howe imagined, would end the war at a blow, and he had urged it on London. He landed (August 25) at the head of Chesapeake Bay and marched on Philadelphia. Washington vainly tried to check him at Brandywine Creek, Pennsylvania, and on September 26 Howe entered Philadelphia. Before his advance, the Continental Congress fled to Baltimore. On October 4, Washington attacked Howe again at Germantown, just north of Philadelphia, but was defeated after hard fighting. Washington, with about 11,000 men, then went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. A few months later he was joined there by Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, the Prussian general who would later become inspector general of the Continental army and take part in the Battle of Monmouth and the siege of Yorktown.

The French Alliance
The year 1777 marked the turning point of the war in favor of the American cause. France, defeated by Great Britain in 1763, had been sending money and supplies secretly to the colonists since the beginning of the Revolution. The American victory at Saratoga and the fight waged by Washington at Germantown convinced the French that the Americans now had a good chance of winning the war. In February 1778, France recognized the independence of the colonies and signed a treaty of commerce and alliance with the new country. Thereafter,French support for the United States with arms and money was open rather than clandestine, and Washington's great hope for French naval assistance off the American coast seemed about to be realized. A French fleet commanded by Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing (1729-94) sailed for America in April 1778. Warned by admiralty dispatches, Admiral Richard Howe and General Henry Clinton, who had succeeded General William Howe in command of the British troops at Philadelphia, decided on immediate evacuation of that city. They feared that d'Estaing's superior fleet would interrupt their sea communications with New York. As had been the case during the evacuation of Boston, large numbers of Loyalists in Philadelphia had supposed themselves safe and now had to be carried away as fugitives. These people along with the heavier army equipment were loaded into Lord Howe's ships and reached New York City safely. Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and marched north across New Jersey. He was pursued by Washington, who overtook and attacked him at Monmouth Courthouse on June 28. Washington was not victorious, however, because of the misconduct of Major General Charles Lee. Clinton returned to New York City in safety; Lee was court-martialed and suspended from the army for 12 months.

D'Estaing's French fleet with 12 ships of the line (the capital ships of the days of sail) arrived off the mouth of the Delaware on July 8, found the British fleet gone, and reached Sandy Hook on July 14. There the French admiral established contact with Washington's headquarters and planned to attack Lord Howe's inferior force. At the last moment, however, d'Estaing decided not to risk his heavy battleships because of low water on the bar. Instead he decided to drive the British out of Newport, Rhode Island, but was prevented from doing so by Lord Howe's skillful tactics and by a gale that scattered both fleets. D'Estaing then went to Boston to refit and sailed for the West Indies on November 4.

The Changing Character of the War
Bonhomme Richard and Serapis Battle
During 1779, neither the American army nor the British force in New York was strong enough for major operations, but the advantage was the American's. Washington had accomplished his primary object: to prevent the British from reconquering the northern colonies by keeping British forces off balance until a well-trained Continental army could be organized to support the militia. The latter could not fight pitched battles by itself, but it did prevent the British from reconquering much American territory. No British army could sustain itself in an armed and hostile countryside except in close contact with its seaborne supplies. Now, at the beginning of 1779, the Americans were no longer fighting alone against Great Britain. Spain had joined France, and Great Britain faced the prospect of a major European war. The British public was bound to be more concerned with a war in Europe than with happenings far away across the Atlantic. As a consequence, more and more British naval and military forces would be taken away from the war in America. George III, in his bitterness against his rebellious American subjects, would not listen to those of his advisers who counseled abandoning the war. These advisers argued that the military conquest of more than 2 million resolute Americans on the other side of the ocean was an impossible task; that the greatest effort of which Britain was capable had been made with the landing of the army under General Howe at New York in 1776, but that Howe's failure to follow up his early success had wasted time that could not be regained; and that the mismanagement of the campaign of 1777 by Howe and Burgoyne and the hard fighting of the Americans had given time for the European enemies of Great Britain to take advantage of the situation. In 1779 Britain could no longer hope to gain a decisive military victory in America. The ancient maxim that ìtime is the one military commodity that can be irrevocably lostî had been proven once again.

The British Campaign in the South
The king's ministers, caught between the king's bitterness and the American resistance, began a new strategy. They attempted to expand their hold on the southern colonies. They hoped that even if the north could not be retaken, Britain at least might still retain a foothold in the south. On December 28, 1778, a British seaborne expedition of 3500 men from New York captured Savannah. They then proceeded to regain control of other settlements in Georgia.

Further to the west, meanwhile, an American expedition under George Rogers Clark began the new year by capturing the British Fort at Vincennes (now in the state of Indiana). This success established American power in the entire region north of the Ohio River. Later in the year, Washington sent a strong force under General John Sullivan into the Indian country in western New York to destroy the lands and villages of the Iroquoian Confederacy. By doing this Washington hoped to end the British-instigated Indian raids on border settlements in New York and Pennsylvania. The surprise capture of the British post at Stony Point on the Hudson River by ìMad Anthonyî Wayne in July was followed in August by the capture of the British garrison at Paulus Hook on the Jersey shore by Henry Lee. In the south, on the other hand, the tide of war was running against the Americans.

Major General Benjamin Lincoln (1733-1810) was sent to Charleston to command the southern campaign. There he joined with the French forces of d'Estaing in a hastily prepared assault on Savannah, on October 9, 1779, which was beaten off by the British with heavy loss. D'Estaing then sailed for France, as his orders from Paris required. Lincoln's army was soon besieged in Charleston by a strong British seaborne force of 8000 men that arrived from New York under the command of Sir Henry Clinton. Lincoln allowed his army to be shut up in the city and was forced to surrender in May 1780. Clinton thereupon returned to New York City, leaving Cornwallis with some 7000 regular and Loyalist troops to complete the conquest of the Carolinas. Although Cornwallis was a better and far more energetic general than Howe, he still had to face the problem of maintaining British troops in a hostile countryside. He routed an American force under Major General Horatio Gates at Camden, South Carolina, on August 16, but partisan warfare was again spreading throughout the Carolinas. Two British columns were overwhelmed in the Battle of Kings Mountain on October 7 and at Cowpens on January 17, 1781. In March, Cornwallis fought a bloody but inconclusive battle at Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, against Major General Nathanael Greene, Gates's able successor in the American southern command. He then withdrew to the sea at Wilmington because his supplies were on ships. Thereafter Cornwallis moved north into Virginia and fortified a position at Yorktown, on the sea-flanked peninsula thrusting into Chesapeake Bay between the York and Gloucester rivers. Greene meanwhile cleared the Carolina backcountry of British forces and shut the remainder up in Charleston. He won no set battles, but he remained in control of the countryside.

In the north, Washington had been greatly encouraged by the arrival (July 1780) in Newport, Rhode Island, of about 6000 French troops under the comte de Rochambeau. The British had taken all their troops out of Newport earlier in the year in order to build up forces for their southern campaign. In September, however, Washington discovered the treachery of Major General Benedict Arnold, who had proposed to surrender the key fortress of West Point to the British. Arnold, warned that his plot had been discovered, escaped to a British warship in the Hudson River.

Pressures for Peace
More promising news was on the way, however. For two years Washington had patiently been working toward a decisive conclusion of the war. He had been kept well informed of events in Great Britain and France by an intelligence service of which the moving spirit was Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador in Paris. As a result of these reports Washington reached the conviction that British public opinion was turning definitely against continuing the American war. One more British military disaster such as that of Saratoga would bring irresistible pressure on the king and his ministers to make peace and recognize American independence. Washington knew that British armies could not stay in the interior but always had to return to the seacoast for supplies. He had patiently tried to trap the British army between the American land forces and a superior French fleet off the coast. If this could be done for a sufficient period of time the American forces could compel another British surrender like the one at Saratoga. Franklin had impressed the importance of this idea on the French ministry. Fortunately for the Americans, the British navy had, since the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, been badly neglected and allowed to fall into virtual decay. Meanwhile, French ministers, such as Duc …tienne FranÁois de Choiseul, eager to avenge the loss of the French colonial empire to Great Britain, had labored to build the French navy to the highest level of efficiency both in ships and in training for war.

In September 1779 the fleets and armies of France and Spain attacked the British fortress of Gibraltar. Great Britain could not afford, either strategically or economically, to lose its precious gateway to the Mediterranean. Because Gibraltar could only be reinforced and supplied by sea, its support became the most important responsibility of the British fleet.

The standard British strategic principle in a war with France was to maintain overwhelmingly superior fleets and to blockade the two principal French ports at Brest on the Atlantic and at Toulon on the Mediterranean. If a French fleet got to sea, it was to be relentlessly pursued. In 1781, however, the Royal Navy did not have enough ships of the line to blockade both French ports and at the same time to supply the garrison at Gibraltar, which required continuous fighting to break through the allied fleets off that port. The escape of the French fleet from Toulon in 1778 was one result of British naval weakness. In 1781, when Gibraltar was especially hard pressed, the admiralty had to leave Brest unguarded also, so 26 French ships of the line under Vice Admiral FranÁois Joseph Paul de Grasse were able to sail from Brest on March 22, bound for the West Indies. De Grasse had orders to get in touch with Washington about a combined operation.

The French frigate Concorde  brought this news to Boston on May 6. On July 16 it rejoined de Grasse at Cap-FranÁois (now Cap-HaÔtien), Haiti, with an American proposal for de Grasse to bring his fleet and as many French troops as could be spared to Chesapeake Bay.

Yorktown
The plan was to combine with Washington's forces in trapping Cornwallis. The Concorde  returned on August 12, with de Grasse's acceptance. With this exchange of messages, and the steady good luck of the Concorde  in avoiding British blockaders, the decisive operation of the war was set in motion. The troops of Washington and Rochambeau marched south, leaving a containing force to watch Clinton in New York. De Grasse's fleet arrived at the Chesapeake capes on August 30, drove off a British fleet under Admiral Thomas Graves (1725?-1802), and established a tight blockade of Cornwallis's army. A total of 16,000 American and French troops and Virginia militia, under Washington's command, laid siege to Yorktown. Cornwallis made several vain attempts to break through the allied lines, but on October 19, 1781, he was obliged to surrender to Washington.

Treaty of Paris
Yorktown marked the end of serious hostilities, although peace negotiations dragged on until the Treaty of Paris was finally signed on September 3, 1783. Great Britain recognized the independence of the former colonies as the United States of America and acknowledged its boundaries as extending west to the Mississippi, north to Canada (with fishing rights in Newfoundland), and south to the Floridas.

Washington, to whose genius and determination the victory was due, took leave of his officers in New York City on December 4, 1783, surrendered his commission to Congress at Annapolis on December 23, and, in words that were to prove something less than prophetic, took leave ìof all the employments of public life.î

 What are the consequences of having the LA River and other rivers in this area be so different from a natural river?
 

 Dear Friend,
I suggest you ask the Social Science (geography) helper
Ingrid YOur Science helper

 what is coastal erosion 

 Here's some information I hope helps.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Coastal erosion of rocky cliffs and sandy beaches results from the action of ocean waves and currents. This is especially severe during storms. In many parts of the world the loss of land due to coast erosion represents a serious problem. The action of the waves, however, does not extend to a great depth, and the sea tends to cut a flat platform, characteristic of marine erosion, into the coastal rocks.

Water plays a most important role in the transportation of eroded material. Whenever any area receives more water (in the form of rain, melting snow, or ice) than the ground can absorb, the excess water flows to the lowest level, carrying loose material. Gentle slopes are subject to sheet and rill erosion, in which the so-called runoff removes a thin layer of topsoil without leaving visible traces on the eroded surface. This erosion may be balanced by the formation of new soil. Often, however, especially in arid areas having little vegetation, the runoff leaves a pattern of gullies formed by rivulets. Some of the detritus and soil gathered by rivulets is deposited in valleys, but much of it reaches the sea through streams and rivers. Every year the Mississippi River deposits about 300 million cu m (about 400 million cu yd) of sediment in the Gulf of Mexico.

Through erosion the surface of the earth is constantly being sculptured into new forms. The shapes of continents are continuously changing, as waves and tides cut into old land while silt from rivers builds up new land. As rivulets, streams, and rivers cut their channels deeper, gullies become ravines and ravines become valleys. The Grand Canyon, more than 2 km (more than 1 mi) deep, was produced by erosion probably within the past 1 million years. The overall effect of the wearing down of mountains and plateaus is to level the land; the tendency is toward the reduction of all land surface to sea level. For example, in each 7000- to 9000-year period the entire area drained by the Mississippi River loses an average of 30 cm (12 in) of altitude. Opposing this tendency are volcanic eruptions and movements of the crust of the earth that raise mountains, plateaus, and new islands. See: Geology; Geomorphology.

 in the book "my side of the mountian", what is the bird name? 

 Please go to     http://www/altavista.com

Type in "My Side of the Mountain" [and the author's name] and 
see what they say about the bird's name.   Do you have the book, 
by the way?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What was the pilot's name that carried the bomb to drop on Japan? 

 Go to   Http://www.altavista.com    and ask or call the
archives of your local newspaper and ask them, please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 haw do you write a sentence 

 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
                HOW DO YOU WRITE A SENTENCE?
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Good question - which is not so simple as it sounds, if you really 
want to write with variety & power, rather than BOOOOOOORING stuff.

Sooooo, that's what we're going to talk about and show you here.

There are three parts to this lesson:

1. Parts of sentences (which you probably already know, so maybe 
   skip this part or just use it for review)

2. Types of sentences (and some good examples to learn from) plus
   how to describe a tornado that NEARLY wiped out a town!

3. Avoiding common weaknesses in writing sentences (with examples)
__________________________________________________________________

						PART I  
__________________________________________________________________

     <<<>>>

A SENTENCE is made up of one or more words which express a 
complete thought.  A sentence always begins with a capital letter; 
it ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point.

	This information should help you write. It explains many
    things. How do you plan to use it?  I hope it's helpful!

A MODIFIER is a word or a group of words which alters or changes
the meaning of another word.

    The big sow grunted. (THE and BIG, adjectives, modify SOW) 
    The baby pig eagerly sucked the milk. (THE and BABY modify 
    PIG; EAGERLY modifies SUCKED; and THE modifies milk.

A sentence must have a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE in order to 
express a complete thought.  Either the subject or the predicate 
or both may not be expressed (written); but both must be clearly
understood.  

    (You) Pass the salt over here. (YOU is the understood subject.)
    Who called? Uncle Duane (called). (CALLED is the understood 
    predicate.) 
    What time is it? (It is) Ten minutes before midnight. (IT is
    the understood subject. and IS is the understood verb.)

A SUBJECT is the part of a sentence about which something is said.

	My DOG licks my toes. FREAKING OUT is a waste.

A PREDICATE is the part of the sentence which says something about
the subject. 

    Principals REMEMBER.

Whatever receives the action indicated in the predicate is the
DIRECT OBJECT. 

  	Picasso painted PICTURES.

Of course there are also ADVERBS, CONJUCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS, 
and other basic "Parts of Speech", but let's not worry about them.

What follows is much more important in answering your question: 

HOW DO YOU WRITE A SENTENCE? 
__________________________________________________________________ 
					
						 PART 2
__________________________________________________________________

   <<<>>>

First, don't be turned off by the terms but a sentence may be 
simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.  A sentence may
communicate a message which is declarative, interrogative, 
imperative, or exclamatory.  That's what we want to discuss now 
and give examples to help you understand - and go and do likewise!

1. A SIMPLE SENTENCE may have a simple subject or a compound 
subject. It may have a simple predicate or a compound predicate. 
But a simple sentence has only on independent clause and it has no
dependent clauses.  A simple sentence may contain one or more 
phrases.

	My back aches. (simple subject; simple predicate)
	My teeth and my eyes hurt. (compound subject; simple predicate)
	My hair and my muscles are deteriorating and disappearing.
    (compound subject; compound predicate)
    I must be getting over the hill. (simple subject: I; simple
    simple predicate: must be getting; phrase: over the hill) 

2. A COMPOUND SENTENCE consists of two independent clauses. 
The clauses must be joined by a coordinate conjunction, by 
punctuation, or by both.

	Energy is part of youth, but both are quickly spent.
    My middle-aged body is sore; my middle-aged face is wrinkled.

3. A COMPLEX SENTENCE contains one independent clause 
and one or more dependent clauses (which are in CAPS here:)

	People say THAT AGE IS A STATE OF MIND. (independent clause;
    dependent clause)
    Youth seems past, however, WHEN MY BACK ACHES BEFORE THE DAY
    IS EVEN HALF OVER. (independent clause; two dependent clauses)

4. A COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE contains two or more independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses (see CAPS).

	My body is rather old; and age is not a state of mind UNLESS
	MY BALD HEAD IS AN ILLUSION. (independent clause; 
    independent clause; dependent clause)

5. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES make statements. They tell us something
about a person, place, thing, or idea.

	The Statue of Liberty stands in New York harbor.
	For nearly a century, it has greeted immigrants and visitors
    to America.
    The statue was given to the American people by France in 1886
    to commemorate America's first one hundred years of 
    independence.

6. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ask questions.
 
	Did you know that the Statue of Liberty is made of copper
    and stands over 150 feet tall?
    Would you know what it meant if someone said that the statue
    is the personification of Liberty?
    Do you know the official name of the statue?
  
7. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES make commands.  They often contain an
understood subject (you).

	If you don't know the official title, go to the library or
	internet and look it up. 
    Then share your answer with the rest of us.

8. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES communicate strong emotion or surprise.

	What! I can't believe you think I should simply tell you the 
    official title!
    Whatever happened to that old pioneeering spirit, that desire
    to be independent and self-sufficient, that never-say-die 
    attitude that made America great!
    What do you mean you think I'm overdoing it! 

__________________________________________________________________

Okay, okay, we'll stop!  Did this help you?  I really hope so!
__________________________________________________________________

Whoops! I almost forgot something, which really should be part of
your question:  How do you write an EFFECTIVE sentence? 

THE BEST WAY TO LEARN IS BY EXAMPLE:

Say you wanted to write a sentence about a tornado which struck a 
small town without warning, causing damage, injury, and death. 
You would actually be working with six different ideas in that 
sentence. Each of those ideas could be written as a separate 
sentence:
     	1. There was a tornado.
	    2. The tornado struck a small town.
     	3. The tornado struck without warning.
	    4. The tornado caused a great deal of damage.
	    5. The tornado caused a number of serious injuries.
	    6. The tornado caused several deaths.

As a writer, you must now decide how to arrange these six ideas
into one or more effective sentences.  There are many 
possibilities and you, as a word doctor, should know what's in 
your black bag and be able to pull something out when you feel 
it's needed.  Now for the tornado example and how you can blow it 
(your teacher and reader) away with good writing.  By the way, 
it's not that I don't like cats, but we'll call the ideas below
"10 Ways to Skin a Cat!": 

1. Use a SERIES to combine three or more similar ideas (see CAPS).
	
	The unexpected tornado struck the small town causing 
    MUCH DAMAGE, NUMEROUS INJURIES, and SEVERAL DEATHS.

2. Use a RELATIVE PRONOUN (who, whose, that, which) to introduce
   the subordinate (less important) ideas (see CAPS).

	The tornado, WHICH WAS COMPLETELY UNEXPECTED, swept through
    the small town causing much damage, numerous injuries, and
    several deaths.

3. Use an INTRODUCTORY PHRASE OR CLAUSE for the less important
   ideas (see CAPS).

	BECAUSE THE TORNADO WAS COMPLETELY UNEXPECTED, it caused a 
    great deal of damage, numberous injuries, and several deaths.

4. Use a PARTICIPIAL PHRASE (-ing, -ed) at the beginning or end
   of a sentence (see CAPS).

    The tornado swept through the small town without warning, 
    LEAVING BREHIND A TRAIL OF DEATH AND DESTRUCTION.

5. Use a SEMICOLON. (Use a conjunctive adverb --see CAPS -- after 
   the semicolon, for a real smooth transition, when appropriate.

	The tornado swept thorugh the small town without warning; 
    AS A RESULT, it caused a great deal of damage, numerous 
    injuries, and several deaths.


6. Repeat a KEY WORD of phrase (see CAPS)

	The tornado left a permanent SCAR on the small town, a SCAR
    of destruction, injury, and death.  (By the way, this is a 
    great way to summarize an essay at the end of a paragraph --
    using one or more KEY WORDS!)

7. Use a DASH to set off a key word(s) or phrase at the beginning
   or the end of the sentence (see CAPS for end phrase below).

	The tornado which unexpectedly struck the small town left 
    behind a grim calling card - DEATH AND DESTRUCTION.

8. Use a CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION (either, or; not only, but also)
   to compare or contrast two ideas in a sentence (see CAPS).

	The tornado NOT ONLY inflicted much property damage, BUT ALSO
    much human suffering.

9. Use a COLON to emphasize an important idea (see CAPS).

	The destruction caused by the tornado was unusually high for 
    one reason: IT CAME WITHOUT WARNING.

10. Use an APPOSITIVE (a word or phrase which renames) to  
    emphasize an idea (see CAPS).

	A single incident - A TORNADO WHICH CAME WITHOUT WARNING - 
    changed the face of the small town forever. 

IDEA: NOW TRY A HURRICANE AND CREATE THE SITUATION (FACTS) AND THE
      DIFFERENT WAYS TO IMPROVE SENTENCES BY COMBINING INFORMATION
      (SIMILAR TO HOW WE DID IT IN THE ABOVE 10 COMBINATIONS).
__________________________________________________________________

Okay, now one more thing.  Remember the original question was:

HOW DO YOU WRITE A SENTENCE? 

-- and you've been given alot of information, BUT that's not all,
folks. One more question, and then I'll feel you really know alot
about how to write a sentence, which is the heartbeat of a 
paragraph, an essay, a theme, a short shory, book report, term 
paper, EVEN YOUR OWN MIND -- in other words, for CLEAR THINKING. 
__________________________________________________________________

							PART 3
__________________________________________________________________

<<<<<11 WAYS TO AVOID COMMON WEAKNESSES IN WRITING SENTENCES?>>>>>

1. Avoid a FRAGMENT, which is a group of words used as a sentence.
It is not a sentence, though since it lacks a subject, a verb, 
or some other essential part which causes it to be an incomplete 
thought.  

	FRAGMENT: The Bloom basketball team. (This phrase lack a verb.)
    SENTENCE: The Bloom basketball team won. 
    FRAGMENT: Every time I get ready to go hiking (This clause 
              lacks a subject and verb which are needed to complete
			  the thought of what happpens "every time I get 
              ready to go hiking.")
    SENTENCE: Every time I get ready to go hiking, it rains.
	FRAGMENT: Running to catch the train. He tripped on his 
              suitcase. (This is a fragment followed by a 
              sentence. This error can be corrected by combining 
              the fragment with the sentence.)
    SENTENCE: Running to catch the train, he tripped on his 
              suitcase.  

2. Avoid A COMMA SPLICE, which is a mistake made when two 
independent clauses are spliced together with only a comma.

     INCORRECT: The concert crowd had been waiting in the hot sun
                for two hours, most of the people were beginning
                to show their impatience by chanting and clapping.
                (comma splice).

     CORRECTED: The concert crowd had been waiting in the hot sun
                for two hours.  Most of the people were beginning
 				to show their impatience by chanting and clapping.
				(The comma splice here is corrected by changing
 				the comma to a period.)

	 CORRECTED: The concert crowd had been waiting in the hot sun
				for two hours, and most of the people were 
				beginnning to show their impatience by chanting
				clapping. (The coordinating conjunction AND is 
                added.

	 CORRECTED: The concert crowd had been waiting in the hot sun 
                for two hours; most of the people were beginning
                to show their impatience by chanting and clapping.
                (comma split corrected by changing the comma to
                a semicolon, which is an easy thing to do.)

There are other ways to correct A COMMA SPLICE.  It's harder, but
you can rearrange the ideas in a sentence.

	INCORRECT: One of the players stands in front of the net and
               tries to keep the puck out, he is called the goalie.

    CORRECTED: One of the players, called the goalie, stands in
               front of the net and tries to keep the puck out.

The problem can also be solved by adding a needed word(s).

	INCORRECT: Everyone must leave the building when the fire 
               alarm rings, you never know when the alarm is 
			   for real.

    CORRECTED: Everyone must leave the building when the fire 
               alarm rings, since you never know when the alarm 
               is for a real fire. 

3. REDUNDANCY is the unnecessary repeating of a word or a synonym.

   	  Redundant: He had a way of keeping my attention by the way
                 he raised and lowered his voice for every single
                 word he spoke. (Needless repetition includes
                 a way/the way; voice/spoke; every/single.)

      Double subject: Some people they are idiots. (Drop they 
                      because people is the only subject needed.)

	  Tautology: widow woman, descend down, audible to the ear
                 (each phrase says the same thing twice.)

4. DANGLING MODIFIERS appear to modify a word that is not in the
sentence or modify the wrong word.

	DANGLING: Swimming in the lake, Bill's mother called him.
              (There is nothing for the phrase swimming in the
               lake to modify.)

    CORRECTED: Swimming in the lake, Bill heard his mother call
               him.

5. RUN-ON SENTENCES (fused sentences) are the result of 
inadequate punctuation.  

	  Run-on: Mrs. Jones doesn't hire typists she supervises them.
   Corrected: Mrs. Jones doesn't hire typists; she supervises them.
Comma splice: Mrs. Jones doesn't hire typists, she supervises them.
   Corrected: Mrs. Jones doesn't hire typists, although she 
              supervises them.

6. DEADWOOD is unnecessary wording, usually to fill up space.

   WORDY: At this point in time, I feel the study needs further
          investigation before it will be in readiness for 
          resubmittal for consideration.

   CORRECTED: The study needs more work.

7. FLOWERY LANGUAGE is the result of using more or bigger words
than are needed. It is writing that often contains too many 
adjectives or adverbs.

	FLOWERY: The cool fresh breeze, which came like a storm in the
             night, lifted me to the exhilarating heights from 
             which I had been previously suppressed by the 
             incandescent cloud in the learning center.

	CORRECTED: The cool breeze was a surprising and refeshing 
               change from the muggy classroom air.

8. FLAT EXPRESSION is language which is either overused or not
very descriptive; it is dull and ineffective.

	TRITE: On this memorable occasion, it gives me a great deal
           of pleasure to look out on this sea of faces and
           promise to fight to the bitter end, which goes without
           saying.

	DEAD METAPHOR: He was a pillar in the community.

    EUPHEMISM: I am so exasperated that I could expectorate.

    CORRECTED: I am so mad, I could spit.

9. NONSTANDARD LANGUAGE is language which is often acceptable in
everyday conversation, but not in formal writing.

	COLLOQUIAL: Avoid the use of colloquial language such as 
                go with.  (not "Can I go with?" but "Can I go with
                you?"  --- unless you are quoting someone directly)

	DOUBLE PREPOSITION: I am going to start in on my work. (WRONG) 
                        I am going to start on my work. (RIGHT)

	SUBSTITUTION: Don't use AND for TO in formal writing:
 				  Try and get here on time. (WRONG)
                  Try to get here on time. (RIGHT)
				  I should HAVE (not I should of) studied more.
		
	SLANG: Avoid the use of slang or any "in" words in writing. 
           like "The movie was super."    

10. AND-AND-AND CONSTRUCTION is the overuse of the word AND.

    AND-AND: Judy spends her time sewing, and she likes to give 
             parties, and she likes to travel.

    CORRECTED: Judy spends her time sewing, giving parties, and 
               traveling.

11. DOUBLE NEGATIVE is a sentence which contains two negative 
words. Because two negatives make a positive, this type of 
sentence usually takes on a meaning opposite of what you really
want to say or write.

	CONFUSING: I haven't got no money. (This actually says - after
               taking out the two negativs which are now a
               positive - I have got money.

	CORRECTED: I haven't got any money (or I have no money).

	HINT: Also never use hardly, barely, scarcely with a negative;
          the result is a double negative, as in "I hardly do 
          nothing exciting on weekends."  It should be: "I hardly 
		  do anything exciting on weekends."
__________________________________________________________________
...What!? You hardly do anything exciting on weekends; then sit 
back for an hour or two on say, a Saturday afternoon, and look  
over what's above - plus practice your own sentences, too, and 
maybe turn them into a story or essay.  Then E-mail someone and 
have them look at your work. 

I promise this will help you on standardized tests, in writing
more naturally, and in everyday speaking.  

Thanks for learning - and a lot of success in your writing!   
           
Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ THE END @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

 What seven presidents are left handed? 

 This is an interesting trivia question.  Maybe you can find the
answer by asking

http://www.altavista.com

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 rounding  hundreds off 

 Hi,

To figure out how to round to the nearest hundred, you look
in the tens place value.  If the number in the tens  place
value is 5,6,7,8 or 9 you round the hundreds place up one.
If the number in the tens place is 0,1,2,3 or 4 you leave
the hundreds exactly as it is.

487 rounded to the nearest hundred is 500

319 rounded to the nearest hundred is 300.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Dear Teacher,
Hi, I am having problems with 8 multilication  facts. Do you have any tips?
           Kari 

 Hi Kari,

I don't have any particular advice on learning the 8's...but I 
can give you some general advice about learning multiplication
that you can apply to learning the 8's.

Learning multiplication tables can be hard until you figure out your own personal style of memorizing.  Some people learn by just looking, some by listening, some by writing over and over. Do you know how you learn best?  

If you learn by writing over and over, then you should write the multiplication facts over and over until you know them by heart.

If you learning by hearing, then you should say the facts out loud over and over until you know them.

If you learn by sight, You can use flash cards to help you memorize them.  Get yourself a stack of 3x5 cards or cut up paper into small cards. For every times that you need to memorize, write the problem on one side and the answer on the other. 

For example

 7x8 on one side
 56 on the other side

Once you have made the cards, Just keep practicing.  If you see 7x8, you say your answer, and then check by flipping the card over to find the answer. 

If you get it right, put it in a separate pile of multiplication facts you know.  If you get it wrong, keep that card in your pile for practicing.  You keep practicing until you don't have any cards in your "don't know, yet" pile.

Don't always do the cards in the same order.  Mix them up.

Or you could just keep saying the multiplication facts to yourself.  Or you could write over and over again the multiplication facts.

Here's a times table to help you:

      |  2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12
  -------------------------------------------------
    2 |  4   6   8  10  12  14  16  18  20  22  24

    3 |  6   9  12  15  18  21  24  27  30  33  36
    
    4 |  8  12  16  20  24  28  32  36  40  44  48
    
    5 | 10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60
    
    6 | 12  18  24  30  36  42  48  54  60  66  72

    7 | 14  21  28  35  42  49  56  63  70  77  84
   
    8 | 16  24  32  40  48  56  64  72  80  88  96
    
    9 | 18  27  36  45  54  63  72  81  90  99 108

   10 | 20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100 110 120

   11 | 22  33  44  55  66  77  88  99 110 121 132

   12 | 24  36  48  60  72  84  96 108 120 132 144

Do you know how to read the table?  There is a column of numbers 2 through 12 and a row of numbers 2 through 12.  To  find the answer to 5x7.  Find the 5 on the column and move your finger to the right until you meet your other finger that is going down from 7 on the row.  Your two fingers should meet at 35.

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

 can you tell me some facts about children working in mines
 

 Here's a whole lot of information on child labor, including in
mines.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Child Labor, designation formerly applied to the practice of employing young children in factories, now used to denote the employment of minors generally, especially in work that may interfere with their education or endanger their health. Throughout the ages and in all cultures children joined with their parents to work in the fields, in the marketplace, and around the home as soon as they were old enough to perform simple tasks. The use of child labor was not regarded a social problem until the introduction of the factory system.

History in Great Britain
During the latter part of the 18th century in Great Britain, owners of cotton mills collected orphans and children of poor parents throughout the country, obtaining their services merely for the cost of maintaining them. In some cases children five and six years of age were forced to work from 13 to 16 hours a day.

Social reformers attempted as early as 1802 to obtain legislative restrictions against the worst features of the child-labor system, but little was done even to enforce existing laws limiting work hours and establishing a minimum age for employment. Conditions as bad as those imposed on pauper children rapidly developed in enterprises employing nonpauper children. Often with the approval of political, social, and religious leaders, children were permitted to labor in hazardous occupations such as mining. The resultant social evils included illiteracy, further impoverishment of poor families, and a multitude of diseased and crippled children.

Popular agitation for reform steadily increased. The first significant British legislation was enacted in 1878, when the minimum age of employees was raised to 10 years and employers were required to restrict employment of children between the ages of 10 and 14 to alternate days or consecutive half days. In addition to making every Saturday a half holiday, this legislation also limited the workday of children between 14 and 18 years of age to 12 hours, with an intermission of 2 hours for meals and rest.

Child Labor in the U.S
Meanwhile the industrial system developed in other countries, bringing with it abuses of child labor similar to those in Great Britain. In the early years of the 19th century children between the ages of 7 and 12 years made up one-third of the work force in U.S. factories. The shortage of adult male laborers, who were needed for agriculture, contributed to the exploitation of child laborers. In addition, the majority of adults, ostensively imbued with puritanical ideas regarding the evils of idleness among children, cooperated with employers, helping them to recruit young factory hands from indigent families.

Early Legislation
Spindle Boys in a Georgia Cotton Mill
The earliest feature of the factory system that caused concern among community leaders was the high rate of illiteracy among child laborers. The first effective step toward legislation governing the education of these children was taken in 1836 when the Massachusetts Legislature adopted a law prohibiting the employment of any child under 15 years of age who had received less than three months of schooling in the previous year. In 1848 Pennsylvania became the first state to regulate the age levels of youth employed in silk, cotton, or woolen mills by establishing a minimum age of 12. Several other states also established minimum-age requirements, but none of the laws passed made provisions for establishing proof of the child's age or for enforcement.

The length of the workday for children was the next feature of the factory system to be regulated by legislation. By 1853 several states had adopted a 10-hour workday for children under 12 years of age. Despite these restrictions, the number of children in industry increased greatly in the U.S. after the American Civil War, when industrial expansion resulted in unprecedented demand for workers. By the end of the 19th century nearly one-fifth of all American children between the ages of 10 and 16 were gainfully employed. By 1910, however, as the result of the public-enlightenment activities of various organizations, notably the National Child Labor Committee, the legislatures of several states had enacted restrictive legislation that led to sharp reductions in the number of children employed in industry.

Because of the lack of uniformity in child-labor standards established in the various states, a condition that placed industries in states with relatively high standards in a disadvantageous competitive position, the U.S. Congress, in 1916, passed a law that set a national minimum age of 14 in industries producing nonagricultural goods for interstate commerce or for export. In 1918, however, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in a 5-4 decision, that the legislation was an unconstitutional infringement on personal freedom. Another child-labor law, enacted in 1918, was also declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1922. In 1924 both houses of Congress passed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, empowering Congress to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under 18 years of age. The number of state legislatures that ratified the proposed amendment was 28, or 8 less than the 36 then required.

Federal Legislation
Despite the reluctance of state legislators to ratify the child-labor amendment, legislative attempts to deal with the problem nationally continued, notably during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The National Industrial Recovery Act, passed by Congress in 1933, established a minimum age of 16 for workers in most industries. In hazardous industries a minimum age level of 18 was established. This law contributed to a substantial decrease in the number of young workers, but the Supreme Court ruled the act unconstitutional in 1935 (see: New Deal). In the next year Congress passed the Walsh-Healey Act, which prohibits firms producing goods under federal government contract from employing boys and girls under 16 years of age.

The next important legislation on the problem was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, better known as the Federal Wage and Hour Law. This act was declared constitutional in 1941 by the Supreme Court, which thereby overruled its former child-labor decision under a more liberal interpretation of the commerce clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8). The Fair Labor Standards Act, amended in 1949, applies to all workers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce. Under the child-labor provisions of the act, minors 16 years of age and over may be employed in any occupation that has not been judged hazardous by the secretary of labor. The minimum age for work in industries classified as hazardous is 18. No minimum age is set for nonhazardous agricultural employment after school hours and during vacation. Minors 14 and 15 years of age may be employed in a variety of nonmanufacturing, nonmining, and nonhazardous occupations outside school hours and during vacations for limited hours and under other specified conditions of work.

State Legislation
Every state today has child-labor laws. In most states employment of minors under 16 in factories and during school hours is prohibited. Other provisions include a 40-hour workweek, prohibition of night work, and work permits for minors under 18. Children working on farms are not completely protected by federal and state laws, which make no provisions for nonhazardous farm work outside school hours. The children of migratory workers, who move from harvest to harvest across the United States, are usually not subject to state laws because they do not fulfill residency requirements, and they are often unable to attend local schools, which have no provisions for seasonal increases in school enrollment. Other children exempted from federal and state labor laws are children employed as actors and performers in radio, television, and motion pictures, as newspaper deliverers and sales personnel, or as part-time workers at home.

International Problems
In the latter part of the 20th century, child labor remains a serious problem in many parts of the world. Studies carried out in 1979, the International Year of the Child, show that more than 50 million children below the age of 15 were working in various jobs often under hazardous conditions. Many of these children live in underdeveloped countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Their living conditions are crude and their chances for education minimal. The meager income they bring in, however, is necessary for the survival of their families. Frequently, these families lack the basic necessities of lifeóadequate food, decent clothing and shelter, and even water for bathing.

In some countries industrialization has created working conditions for children that rival the worst features of the 19th-century factories and mines. In India, for example, some 20,000 children work 16-hour days in match factories.

Child-labor problems are not, of course, limited to developing nations. They occur wherever poverty exists in Europe and the United States. A growing concern in recent years has been the increase in prostitution among youngsters in urban centers.

The most important efforts to eliminate child-labor abuses throughout the world come from the International Labor Organization (ILO), founded in 1919 and now a special agency of the United Nations. The organization has introduced several child-labor conventions among its members, including a minimum age of 16 years for admission to all work, a higher minimum age for specific types of employment, compulsory medical examinations, and regulation of night work. The ILO, however, does not have the power to enforce these conventions; it depends on voluntary compliance of member nations.

 The history of Abrahan Lincon  

 Here's a lot of good information.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Abraham Lincoln (1809-65), was the 16th president of the United States (1861-65), who steered the Union to victory in the American Civil War and abolished slavery.

Early Life
Reading by Firelight
Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Kentucky, the son of Nancy Hanks (1784?-1818) and Thomas Lincoln (1778-1851), pioneer farmers. At the age of two he was taken by his parents to nearby Knob Creek and at eight to Spencer County, Indiana. The following year his mother died. In 1819 his father married Sarah Bush Johnston (1788-1869), a kindly widow, who soon gained the boy's affection.

Lincoln grew up a tall, gangling youth, who could hold his own in physical contests and also showed great intellectual promise, although he had little formal education. After moving with his family to Macon County, Illinois, in 1831, he struck out on his own, taking a cargo to New Orleans, Louisiana, on a flatboat. He then returned to Illinois and settled in New Salem, a short-lived community on the Sangamon River, where he split rails and clerked in a store. He gained the respect of his fellow townspeople, including the so-called Clary Grove boys, who had challenged him to physical combat, and was elected captain of his company in the Black Hawk War (1832). Returning from the war, he began an unsuccessful venture in shopkeeping that ended when his partner died. In 1833 he was appointed postmaster but had to supplement his income with surveying and various other jobs. At the same time he began to study law. That he gradually paid off his and his deceased partner's debts firmly established his reputation for honesty. The story of his romance with Ann Rutledge (1816-35), a local young woman whom he knew briefly before her untimely death, is unsubstantiated.

Illinois Politician and Lawyer
Abraham Lincoln
Mary Todd Lincoln
Defeated in 1832 in a race for the state legislature, Lincoln was elected on the Whig ticket two years later and served in the lower house from 1834 to 1841. He quickly emerged as one of the leaders of the party and was one of the authors of the removal of the capital to Springfield, where he settled in 1837. After his admission to the bar (1836), he entered into successive partnerships with John T. Stuart (1807-85), Stephen T. Logan (1800-80), and William Herndon (1818-91), and soon won recognition as an effective and resourceful attorney.

In 1842 Lincoln married Mary Todd (1818-82), the daughter of a prominent Kentucky banker, and despite her somewhat difficult disposition, the marriage seems to have been reasonably successful. The Lincolns had four children, only one of whom reached adulthood.

His birth in a slave state notwithstanding, Lincoln had long opposed slavery. In the legislature he voted against resolutions favorable to the ìpeculiar institutionî and in 1837 was one of two members who signed a protest against it. Elected to Congress in 1846, he attracted attention because of his outspoken criticism of the war with Mexico and formulated a plan for gradual emancipation in the District of Columbia. He was not an abolitionist, however. Conceding the right of the states to manage their own affairs, he merely sought to prevent the spread of human bondage.

National Recognition
Disappointed in a quest for federal office at the end of his one term in Congress (1847-49), Lincoln returned to Springfield to pursue his profession. In 1854, however, because of his alarm at Senator Stephen A. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act, he became politically active again. Clearly setting forth his opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he argued that the measure was wrong because slavery was wrong and that Congress should keep the territories free for actual settlers (as opposed to those who traveled there mainly to vote for or against slavery). The following year he ran for the U.S. Senate, but seeing that he could not win, he yielded to Lyman Trumbull, a Democrat who opposed Douglas's bill. He campaigned for the newly founded Republican party in 1856, and in 1858 he became its senatorial candidate against Douglas. In a speech to the party's state convention that year he warned that ìa house divided against itself cannot standî and predicted the eventual triumph of freedom. Meeting Douglas in a series of debates, he challenged his opponent in effect to explain how he could reconcile his principles of popular sovereignity with the Dred Scott  decision (see: Dred Scott Case). In his reply, Douglas reaffirmed his belief in the practical ability of settlers to keep slavery out of the territories despite the Supreme Court's denial of their right to do so. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, the debates won him national recognition.

Election and Secession Crisis
In 1860 the Republicans, anxious to attract as many different factions as possible, nominated Lincoln for the presidency on a platform of slavery restriction, internal improvements, homesteads, and tariff reform. In a campaign against Douglas and John C. Breckinridge, two rival Democrats, and John Bell, of the Constitutional Union party, Lincoln won a majority of the electoral votes and was elected president.

Immediately after the election, South Carolina, followed by six other Southern states, took steps to secede from the Union. President James Buchanan, declaring that although secession was illegal, he had no power to oppose it, preferred to rely on Congress to find a compromise. The success of this effort, however, depended on the president-elect, who was ready to make concessions but resolutely refused to countenance any possible extension of slavery. Thus, the Crittenden Compromise, the most promising scheme of adjustment, failed, and a new Southern government was inaugurated in February 1861. See: Confederate States of America.

Lincoln as President
When Lincoln took the oath of office on March 4, 1861, he was confronted with a hostile Confederacy determined to expand and threatening the remaining federal forts in the South, the most important of which was Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Anxious not to offend the upper South, which had not yet seceded, Lincoln at first refused to take decisive action. After the failure of an expedition to Fort Pickens, Florida, however, he decided to relieve Fort Sumter and informed the governor of South Carolina of his intention to send food to the beleaguered garrison. The Confederates, unwilling to permit continued federal occupation of their soil, opened fire to reduce the fort, thus starting the Civil War. When Lincoln countered with a call for 75,000 volunteers, the North responded with enthusiasm, but the upper South seceded.

Military Leadership
As commander in chief, Lincoln encountered great difficulties in the search for capable generals. After the defeat of Irvin McDowell (1818-85) at the First Battle of Bull Run, the president appointed George B. McClellan to lead the eastern army but found him excessively cautious. His Peninsular campaign against Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, failed, and Lincoln, whose own strategy had not succeeded in trapping Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, virtually superseded McClellan with John Pope (1822-92). When Pope was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run, the president turned once more to McClellan, only to be disappointed again. Despite his victory at Antietam, Maryland, the general was so hesitant that Lincoln finally had to remove him. The president's next choice, Ambrose Burnside, was also unfortunate. Decisively beaten at Fredericksburg, Virginia, Burnside gave way to Joseph Hooker, who in turn was routed at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Then Lincoln appointed George G. Meade, who triumphed at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, but failed to follow up his victory. Persisting in his determination to discover a general who could defeat the Confederates, the president in 1864 entrusted overall command to Ulysses S. Grant, the victor at Fort Donelson, Tennessee, Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Chattanooga, Tennessee. This choice was a good one. Grant, in a series of coordinated campaigns, finally brought the war to a successful conclusion.

Emancipation
In dealing with the problem of emancipation, Lincoln proved himself a masterful statesman. Carefully maneuvering to take advantage of radical pressure to move forward and conservative entreaties to hold back, he was able to retain the loyalty of the Democrats and the border states while still bringing about the final abolition of slavery. Lincoln pleased the radicals in 1861, when he signed the first Confiscation Act, freeing slaves used by the Confederates for military purposes. He deferred to the conservatives when he countermanded emancipation orders of the Union generals John C. FrÈmont and David Hunter (1802-86), but again courted the radicals by reverting to a cautious antislavery program. Thus, he exerted pressure on the border states to inaugurate compensated emancipation, signed the bill for abolition in the District of Columbia, and consented to the second Confiscation Act.

On July 22, 1862, in response to radical demands and diplomatic necessity, he told his cabinet that he intended to issue an emancipation proclamation but took care to soften the blow to the border states by specifically exempting them. Advised to await some federal victory, he did not make his proclamation public until September 22, following the Battle of Antietam, when he announced that all slaves in areas still in rebellion within 100 days would be ìthen, thenceforward, and forever, free.î The final Emancipation Proclamation followed on January 1, 1863. Promulgated by the president in his capacity as commander in chief in times of actual armed rebellion, it freed slaves in regions held by the insurgents and authorized the creation of black military units. Lincoln was determined to place emancipation on a more permanent basis, however, and in 1864 he advocated the adoption of an antislavery amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The amendment was passed after Lincoln's reelection, when he made use of all the powers of his office to ensure its success in the House of Representatives (January 31, 1865).

Political Skill
A consummate politician, Lincoln sought to maintain harmony among the disparate elements of his party by giving them representation in his cabinet. Recognizing former Whigs by the appointment of William H. Seward as secretary of state and Edward Bates (1793-1869) as attorney general, he also extended invitations to such former Democrats as Montgomery Blair, who became postmaster general, and Gideon Welles (1802-78), who became secretary of the navy. He honored local factions by appointing Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania secretary of war and Caleb B. Smith (1808-64) of Indiana secretary of the interior, while satisfying the border states with Bates and Blair. At the same time, he offset the conservative Bates with the radical Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase and later with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Although Lincoln was much closer to the radicals and gradually moved toward ever more radical measures, he did not needlessly offend the conservatives and often collaborated with them. His careful handling of the slavery issue is a case in point, as is his appointment of Democratic generals and his deference to the sensibilities of the border states. In December 1862 he foiled critics demanding the dismissal of the conservative Seward. Refusing to accept Seward's resignation and inducing the radical Chase to offer to step down as well, he maintained the balance of his cabinet by retaining both secretaries.

Lincoln's political influence was enhanced by his great gifts as an orator. Able to stress essentials in simple terms, he effectively appealed to the nation in such classical short speeches as the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address. Moreover, he was a capable diplomat. Firmly rejecting Seward's proposal in April 1861 that the country be united by means of a foreign war, he sought to maintain friendly relations with the nations of Europe, used the Emancipation Proclamation to win friends for the Union, and effectively countered Confederate efforts to gain foreign recognition.

Reelection and Reconstruction
In 1864 a number of disgruntled Republicans sought to prevent Lincoln's renomination. Adroitly outmaneuvering his opponents, especially the ambitious Chase, he succeeded in obtaining his party's endorsement at Baltimore, Maryland, even though a few extremists nominated FrÈmont. Lincoln's renomination did not end his political problems, however. Unhappy with his Proclamation of Amnesty (December 1863), which called for the restoration of insurgent states if 10 percent of the electorate took an oath of loyalty, Congress in July 1864 passed the Wade-Davis Bill, which provided for more onerous conditions and their acceptance by 50 percent of the voters. When Lincoln used the pocket veto to kill it, some radicals sought to displace him and in the so-called Wade-Davis Manifesto passionately attacked the administration.

The president, nevertheless, prevailed again. His poor prospects in August 1864 improved when the Democrats nominated General McClellan on a peace platform. Subsequent federal victories and the withrawal of FrÈmont, coupled with the resignation of the conservative Blair, reunited the party, and in November 1864 Lincoln was triumphantly reelected.

The president's success at the polls enabled him to seek to establish his own Reconstruction policies. To blunt conservative criticism, he met with leading Confederates at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and demonstrated the impossibility of a negotiated peace. The radicals, however, were also dissatisfied. Because of their demand for black suffrage, Lincoln was unable to induce Congress to accept the members-elect of the free state government of Louisiana, which he had organized. In addition, after the fall of Richmond, he alarmed his critics by inviting the Confederate legislature of Virginia to repeal the secession ordinance. His Reconstruction policies, however, had been determined by military necessity. As soon as the Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, Lincoln withdrew the invitation to the Virginians. He again proved how close he was to the radicals by endorsing a limited black franchise.

The Assassination
President Lincoln
At his second inaugural, Lincoln, attributing the war to the evil counsequences of slavery, summed up his attitude in the famous phrase ìwith malice toward none, with charity for all.î A few weeks later, he publicly announced his support for limited black suffrage in Louisiana. This open defiance of conservative opinion could only have strengthened the resolve of one in his audience, John Wilkes Booth, a well-known actor of Confederate sympathies, who had long been plotting against the president. Aroused by the prospect of votes for blacks, he determined to carry out his assassination scheme and on April 14, 1865, shot Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. The president died the next day.

The subject of numerous myths, Lincoln ranks with the greatest of American statesmen. His humanitarian instincts, brilliant speeches, and unusual political skill ensured his hold on the electorate and his success in saving the Union. That he also gained fame as the Great Emancipator was due to a large degree to his excellent sense of timing and his open-mindedness. Thus, he was able to bring about the abolition of slavery and to advocate a policy of Reconstruction that envisaged the gradual enfranchisement of the freedmen. It was a disaster for the country that he did not live to carry it out.

 I am tr ying to find an inventor named Leo Baekeland, can you help???? 

 Here's some information I hope helps you.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Baekeland, Leo Hendrik (1863-1944), Belgian-American chemist, 
known for his invention, about 1906, of the synthetic resin later 
known as Bakelite. Born in Ghent and educated at the University 
of Ghent, Baekeland immigrated to the United States in 1889. He 
manufactured photographic papers and developed a new type of 
paper (Velox) that could be developed under artificial light. 
The founder of modern plastics, he received many honors, 
including the Nichols Medal of the American Chemical Society in 
1909 and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1940.

 History of Abraham Linkin 

 Hope this helps.  Mike Online, Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Abraham Lincoln (1809-65), was the 16th president of the United States (1861-65), who steered the Union to victory in the American Civil War and abolished slavery.

Early Life
Reading by Firelight
Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Kentucky, the son of Nancy Hanks (1784?-1818) and Thomas Lincoln (1778-1851), pioneer farmers. At the age of two he was taken by his parents to nearby Knob Creek and at eight to Spencer County, Indiana. The following year his mother died. In 1819 his father married Sarah Bush Johnston (1788-1869), a kindly widow, who soon gained the boy's affection.

Lincoln grew up a tall, gangling youth, who could hold his own in physical contests and also showed great intellectual promise, although he had little formal education. After moving with his family to Macon County, Illinois, in 1831, he struck out on his own, taking a cargo to New Orleans, Louisiana, on a flatboat. He then returned to Illinois and settled in New Salem, a short-lived community on the Sangamon River, where he split rails and clerked in a store. He gained the respect of his fellow townspeople, including the so-called Clary Grove boys, who had challenged him to physical combat, and was elected captain of his company in the Black Hawk War (1832). Returning from the war, he began an unsuccessful venture in shopkeeping that ended when his partner died. In 1833 he was appointed postmaster but had to supplement his income with surveying and various other jobs. At the same time he began to study law. That he gradually paid off his and his deceased partner's debts firmly established his reputation for honesty. The story of his romance with Ann Rutledge (1816-35), a local young woman whom he knew briefly before her untimely death, is unsubstantiated.

Illinois Politician and Lawyer
Abraham Lincoln
Mary Todd Lincoln
Defeated in 1832 in a race for the state legislature, Lincoln was elected on the Whig ticket two years later and served in the lower house from 1834 to 1841. He quickly emerged as one of the leaders of the party and was one of the authors of the removal of the capital to Springfield, where he settled in 1837. After his admission to the bar (1836), he entered into successive partnerships with John T. Stuart (1807-85), Stephen T. Logan (1800-80), and William Herndon (1818-91), and soon won recognition as an effective and resourceful attorney.

In 1842 Lincoln married Mary Todd (1818-82), the daughter of a prominent Kentucky banker, and despite her somewhat difficult disposition, the marriage seems to have been reasonably successful. The Lincolns had four children, only one of whom reached adulthood.

His birth in a slave state notwithstanding, Lincoln had long opposed slavery. In the legislature he voted against resolutions favorable to the ìpeculiar institutionî and in 1837 was one of two members who signed a protest against it. Elected to Congress in 1846, he attracted attention because of his outspoken criticism of the war with Mexico and formulated a plan for gradual emancipation in the District of Columbia. He was not an abolitionist, however. Conceding the right of the states to manage their own affairs, he merely sought to prevent the spread of human bondage.

National Recognition
Disappointed in a quest for federal office at the end of his one term in Congress (1847-49), Lincoln returned to Springfield to pursue his profession. In 1854, however, because of his alarm at Senator Stephen A. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act, he became politically active again. Clearly setting forth his opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he argued that the measure was wrong because slavery was wrong and that Congress should keep the territories free for actual settlers (as opposed to those who traveled there mainly to vote for or against slavery). The following year he ran for the U.S. Senate, but seeing that he could not win, he yielded to Lyman Trumbull, a Democrat who opposed Douglas's bill. He campaigned for the newly founded Republican party in 1856, and in 1858 he became its senatorial candidate against Douglas. In a speech to the party's state convention that year he warned that ìa house divided against itself cannot standî and predicted the eventual triumph of freedom. Meeting Douglas in a series of debates, he challenged his opponent in effect to explain how he could reconcile his principles of popular sovereignity with the Dred Scott  decision (see: Dred Scott Case). In his reply, Douglas reaffirmed his belief in the practical ability of settlers to keep slavery out of the territories despite the Supreme Court's denial of their right to do so. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, the debates won him national recognition.

Election and Secession Crisis
In 1860 the Republicans, anxious to attract as many different factions as possible, nominated Lincoln for the presidency on a platform of slavery restriction, internal improvements, homesteads, and tariff reform. In a campaign against Douglas and John C. Breckinridge, two rival Democrats, and John Bell, of the Constitutional Union party, Lincoln won a majority of the electoral votes and was elected president.

Immediately after the election, South Carolina, followed by six other Southern states, took steps to secede from the Union. President James Buchanan, declaring that although secession was illegal, he had no power to oppose it, preferred to rely on Congress to find a compromise. The success of this effort, however, depended on the president-elect, who was ready to make concessions but resolutely refused to countenance any possible extension of slavery. Thus, the Crittenden Compromise, the most promising scheme of adjustment, failed, and a new Southern government was inaugurated in February 1861. See: Confederate States of America.

Lincoln as President
When Lincoln took the oath of office on March 4, 1861, he was confronted with a hostile Confederacy determined to expand and threatening the remaining federal forts in the South, the most important of which was Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Anxious not to offend the upper South, which had not yet seceded, Lincoln at first refused to take decisive action. After the failure of an expedition to Fort Pickens, Florida, however, he decided to relieve Fort Sumter and informed the governor of South Carolina of his intention to send food to the beleaguered garrison. The Confederates, unwilling to permit continued federal occupation of their soil, opened fire to reduce the fort, thus starting the Civil War. When Lincoln countered with a call for 75,000 volunteers, the North responded with enthusiasm, but the upper South seceded.

Military Leadership
As commander in chief, Lincoln encountered great difficulties in the search for capable generals. After the defeat of Irvin McDowell (1818-85) at the First Battle of Bull Run, the president appointed George B. McClellan to lead the eastern army but found him excessively cautious. His Peninsular campaign against Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, failed, and Lincoln, whose own strategy had not succeeded in trapping Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, virtually superseded McClellan with John Pope (1822-92). When Pope was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run, the president turned once more to McClellan, only to be disappointed again. Despite his victory at Antietam, Maryland, the general was so hesitant that Lincoln finally had to remove him. The president's next choice, Ambrose Burnside, was also unfortunate. Decisively beaten at Fredericksburg, Virginia, Burnside gave way to Joseph Hooker, who in turn was routed at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Then Lincoln appointed George G. Meade, who triumphed at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, but failed to follow up his victory. Persisting in his determination to discover a general who could defeat the Confederates, the president in 1864 entrusted overall command to Ulysses S. Grant, the victor at Fort Donelson, Tennessee, Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Chattanooga, Tennessee. This choice was a good one. Grant, in a series of coordinated campaigns, finally brought the war to a successful conclusion.

Emancipation
In dealing with the problem of emancipation, Lincoln proved himself a masterful statesman. Carefully maneuvering to take advantage of radical pressure to move forward and conservative entreaties to hold back, he was able to retain the loyalty of the Democrats and the border states while still bringing about the final abolition of slavery. Lincoln pleased the radicals in 1861, when he signed the first Confiscation Act, freeing slaves used by the Confederates for military purposes. He deferred to the conservatives when he countermanded emancipation orders of the Union generals John C. FrÈmont and David Hunter (1802-86), but again courted the radicals by reverting to a cautious antislavery program. Thus, he exerted pressure on the border states to inaugurate compensated emancipation, signed the bill for abolition in the District of Columbia, and consented to the second Confiscation Act.

On July 22, 1862, in response to radical demands and diplomatic necessity, he told his cabinet that he intended to issue an emancipation proclamation but took care to soften the blow to the border states by specifically exempting them. Advised to await some federal victory, he did not make his proclamation public until September 22, following the Battle of Antietam, when he announced that all slaves in areas still in rebellion within 100 days would be ìthen, thenceforward, and forever, free.î The final Emancipation Proclamation followed on January 1, 1863. Promulgated by the president in his capacity as commander in chief in times of actual armed rebellion, it freed slaves in regions held by the insurgents and authorized the creation of black military units. Lincoln was determined to place emancipation on a more permanent basis, however, and in 1864 he advocated the adoption of an antislavery amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The amendment was passed after Lincoln's reelection, when he made use of all the powers of his office to ensure its success in the House of Representatives (January 31, 1865).

Political Skill
A consummate politician, Lincoln sought to maintain harmony among the disparate elements of his party by giving them representation in his cabinet. Recognizing former Whigs by the appointment of William H. Seward as secretary of state and Edward Bates (1793-1869) as attorney general, he also extended invitations to such former Democrats as Montgomery Blair, who became postmaster general, and Gideon Welles (1802-78), who became secretary of the navy. He honored local factions by appointing Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania secretary of war and Caleb B. Smith (1808-64) of Indiana secretary of the interior, while satisfying the border states with Bates and Blair. At the same time, he offset the conservative Bates with the radical Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase and later with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Although Lincoln was much closer to the radicals and gradually moved toward ever more radical measures, he did not needlessly offend the conservatives and often collaborated with them. His careful handling of the slavery issue is a case in point, as is his appointment of Democratic generals and his deference to the sensibilities of the border states. In December 1862 he foiled critics demanding the dismissal of the conservative Seward. Refusing to accept Seward's resignation and inducing the radical Chase to offer to step down as well, he maintained the balance of his cabinet by retaining both secretaries.

Lincoln's political influence was enhanced by his great gifts as an orator. Able to stress essentials in simple terms, he effectively appealed to the nation in such classical short speeches as the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address. Moreover, he was a capable diplomat. Firmly rejecting Seward's proposal in April 1861 that the country be united by means of a foreign war, he sought to maintain friendly relations with the nations of Europe, used the Emancipation Proclamation to win friends for the Union, and effectively countered Confederate efforts to gain foreign recognition.

Reelection and Reconstruction
In 1864 a number of disgruntled Republicans sought to prevent Lincoln's renomination. Adroitly outmaneuvering his opponents, especially the ambitious Chase, he succeeded in obtaining his party's endorsement at Baltimore, Maryland, even though a few extremists nominated FrÈmont. Lincoln's renomination did not end his political problems, however. Unhappy with his Proclamation of Amnesty (December 1863), which called for the restoration of insurgent states if 10 percent of the electorate took an oath of loyalty, Congress in July 1864 passed the Wade-Davis Bill, which provided for more onerous conditions and their acceptance by 50 percent of the voters. When Lincoln used the pocket veto to kill it, some radicals sought to displace him and in the so-called Wade-Davis Manifesto passionately attacked the administration.

The president, nevertheless, prevailed again. His poor prospects in August 1864 improved when the Democrats nominated General McClellan on a peace platform. Subsequent federal victories and the withrawal of FrÈmont, coupled with the resignation of the conservative Blair, reunited the party, and in November 1864 Lincoln was triumphantly reelected.

The president's success at the polls enabled him to seek to establish his own Reconstruction policies. To blunt conservative criticism, he met with leading Confederates at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and demonstrated the impossibility of a negotiated peace. The radicals, however, were also dissatisfied. Because of their demand for black suffrage, Lincoln was unable to induce Congress to accept the members-elect of the free state government of Louisiana, which he had organized. In addition, after the fall of Richmond, he alarmed his critics by inviting the Confederate legislature of Virginia to repeal the secession ordinance. His Reconstruction policies, however, had been determined by military necessity. As soon as the Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, Lincoln withdrew the invitation to the Virginians. He again proved how close he was to the radicals by endorsing a limited black franchise.

The Assassination
President Lincoln
At his second inaugural, Lincoln, attributing the war to the evil counsequences of slavery, summed up his attitude in the famous phrase ìwith malice toward none, with charity for all.î A few weeks later, he publicly announced his support for limited black suffrage in Louisiana. This open defiance of conservative opinion could only have strengthened the resolve of one in his audience, John Wilkes Booth, a well-known actor of Confederate sympathies, who had long been plotting against the president. Aroused by the prospect of votes for blacks, he determined to carry out his assassination scheme and on April 14, 1865, shot Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. The president died the next day.

The subject of numerous myths, Lincoln ranks with the greatest of American statesmen. His humanitarian instincts, brilliant speeches, and unusual political skill ensured his hold on the electorate and his success in saving the Union. That he also gained fame as the Great Emancipator was due to a large degree to his excellent sense of timing and his open-mindedness. Thus, he was able to bring about the abolition of slavery and to advocate a policy of Reconstruction that envisaged the gradual enfranchisement of the freedmen. It was a disaster for the country that he did not live to carry it out.

 nxn= 

 Hi,

nxn=n to the power of 2 or n^2 or n squared

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 how much is 1+2-3+6*7?? 

 Hi,

We always do multiplication first from left to right.

So, since 6*7=42 our expression becomes

1+2-3+42

Now we do the addition and subtraction from left to right

3-3+42

0+42

42

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

      math
how do ya do fractions 

 Hi,

 How do I simplify fractions?

To reduce a fraction to simplest form, you need to find the 
largest number that divides evenly into both the numerator(top)
and denominator (bottom).

Let's do an example:

   15
  ----
   20

What's the largest number you can think of that divides into
both 15 and 20?  Let's try 5.

  15    5x3    3
---- = ----- =---
 20     5x4    4

We can cancel the 5/5 because that's equal to 1, so our fraction
in simplest terms is three fourths.

Question:  How do I add and subtract fractions?

In general, to add and subtract fractions you need to have a common denominator(bottom).  Once both fractions are written with the same denominator, to add fractions, simply add the numerators (top) and use the common denominator as your denominator.  To subtract fractions, simply subtract the 
numerators and use the common denominator as your denominator.

We'll do the example 


  5        1
 ---  +   ---
  8        6

These do not have a common denominator.  So, we take the larger
of the two denominators, namely 8.  

6 does not go evenly into 8x1=8.
Does 6 go evenly into 8x2=16?  NO!!!
Does 6 go evenly into 8x3=24?  Yes because 6x4=24.

Now we have found our common denominator of 24.  We must
rewrite each fraction with the denominator of 24.  Since
we multiply 8 by 3 to get 24, we must also multiply the numerator
by 3.

  5     5x3    15
 --- =  --- = ----
  8     8x3    24

 1     1x4    4
--- = -----= ---
 6     6x4    24

Now, we can rewrite our example as

   15        4      
  ---- +    --- 
   24        24     

We add the numerators, and leave the denominator as 24.

Our answer is  19
              ----
               24

Let's change that question to a subtraction question,

  5        1
 ---  -   ---
  8        6

First, we need to find equivalent fractions with our common
denominator.  We've already done this, so our question becomes:

   15        4      15-4     11
  ---- -    --- =  ------ = ----
   24        24      24      24

Question:  How do I multiply fractions?

 To multiply fractions, your answer is 

           product of numerators
          -----------------------
           product of denominators

So,  1     16       1x16
    --- x ----- =  ------ 
     2     25       2x25

                =  16
                  -----
                   50

You can simplify your answer since  is a factor of the numerator and denominator.

      16      2x8        8
    -----  = ------  =  ----
      50      2x25       25


Question:  How do I divide fractions?

 To divide fractions like

  3                    5
 --- divided by ---
  8                    7

the question becomes the same as multiplying the dividend
(in our case 3/8) by the reciprocal (flip) of the divisor
(in our case 5/7).

So, our question becomes

  3     7     3x7      21
 --- x --- = ----- =  ----
  8     5     8x5      40

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Information on Argon 

 Dear Friend,
Argon is a Nobel gas, also called the Inert Gases.
To get more information about Argon visit his periodic table,
and find more information right there by clicking on the element
which you want to learn about.
http://www.chemicool.com/elements/
Ingrid Your Science Helper.

 2X - 4 = ? 

 Hi,

2x-4 is an algebraic expression that can take on infinitely many
values since the variable x can be infinitely many possibilities.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How can I find a regression equation on a graphing calculator? 

 Hi,

I'll be honest...my experience with my graphing calculator
is very limited, and I've never used it with finding a regression
equation.  I suspect that each brand of calculator may set
the problems up differently.  If you have a Texas Instrument
Graphing Calculator, you can link to the TI website http://www.ti.com/calc/docs/guides.htm and download the relevant
information on your particular calculator.  If you don't
understand what the guide book is telling you, then perhaps
you can tell me which calculator you have and what you don't
understand...I can actually only experiment with the TI83 as
that's the calculator I own.  

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How can I graph points and find a trend line?
 

 Hi,

If you have two statistics and you want to see how they are
related you can draw a scatter plot.  

You choose which set of statistics that you want to put on the
x-axis and which you want to put on the y-axis.  Scale
the axes according to the data, and plot the points.

If the dots form  a linear pattern, you can then draw an
approximate line that will enable you to predict other
statistics.  You can write an equation for the line based on
two points on the line.  You use the two points to find the
slope of the line, change in y over change in x.  Then you use
one of the points to find the point-slope y=mx+b form of
an equation of a line.  You can then make preduction from there.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What is the latitude and longitude of East Timor? 

 It's about 10 degrees South latitude and 125 degrees East longitude.
It's below the Philippines, above Australia.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 who was the 13th president 

 Millard Fillmore (in office 1850-53)

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is the difference between that and which? 

 That and which:

Which one is it?
It's that one.

It's the blue one that (or which) I like.
_____________________________________________
Here's more information:

who, which, that

Who refers to people. which refers to nonliving objedts or to
animals .  (Which should never refer to people.)  That may refer
to animals, people, or nonliving objects.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is 3 + 3? 

 Hi,

Let's use stars to represent numbers, so 3= * * *

3+3=* * * + * * * = how many total stars???



6, so 3+3=6

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 where can i find information on the 1980
 

 On the 1980 what, please?  Election?
Please respond.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is mitosis? 

 Dear Friend,
       Mitosis is the name give to the process that takes
place when the cell of animals  and plants divide to form new
cells. In this process the chromosomes in the nucleus of the
cell first replicates so that when the cell divides into two
halves each half can receive the same number of chromosomes
as were in the original cell. Mitosis is a process which
happens when the organism grows or repairs damaged and owrn out
tissue cells.

Ingrid YOur Science Helper

 I am trying to find out what the 7 rule is in math and I can't find it anywhere-

Thank you-

Andrew 

 Dear Andrew,

When you say the 7 rule, do you mean the way to test a number
is divisible by 7.

Here is the rule:  look at the digit in the ones place.
Double that number.  Then subtract the doubled one digits from
the truncated number without the ones place, and see if
that is divisible by 7.

For example:  is the number 161 divisible by 7?

In the ones place we have 1, so that doubled is 2.

The number without the ones place would be 16, so we subtract
2 from 16 such that 16-2=14.  14 is divisible by 7, so we know
161 is also.

Now, let's try 3822.

In the one place we have 2, so that doubled would be 4.

Now the truncated number is 382.  Let's do 382-4=378.

I don't know if 378 is divisible by 7, so let's do the process
again.

The ones place of 378 is 8, so 8 doubled is 16.
The truncated number is 37, so 37-16=21.  21 is divisible by
7, so 378 is divisible by 7, so 3822 is divisible by 7.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what is the answer to the factors of 49and 43
 

 Hi,

Since 49=7x7 or 49=1x49 only, the factors of 49 are 1,7,49

since 43=1x43 only, the factors of 43 are 1, 43 and hence
43 is what we call a prime number.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Water Cycle 

 Dear Friend,
What do you need to know about the water cycle?  
Water is found as a liquid in oceans,
rivers and lakes and in the soil
Heat from the suns rays falls on the earth
and on the water makes the water evaporate and make water vapor.
This water vapor is invisible and rises up into the air.
Water vapor is also given off from the leaves of plants.
When the water vapor cools it collects together 
and makes clouds.
If the weather cools still more then the vapor changes
to drops of liquid (it CONDENSES)  and it starts raining.
 We call this PRECIPITATION.
So the water is  recycled  back to the earth.
So the water is cycled over and over through these three processes of
which are called EVAPORATION--à  CONDENSATION ----à PRECIPATATION
 
EVAPORATION means when a liquid changes to a vapor(gas)
CONDENSATION means when a gas changes back into a liquid.
PRECIPITAION means when something falls downwards like rain.

If you want to see cool cartoon pictures which explain
what happens in the water cycle. YOu have to click on the pages one
at the time to see the whole story.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 complete each pair of equivalent fractions.
 3/7=?/28 I don't get it? 

 Hi,

If you start with a fraction like

   3
  --- you can find infinitely many equivalent fractions.
   7

You find equivalent fractions by multiplying numerator (top)
and denominator (bottom) by the same number...in essence you
are multiplying by 1.

So, if we have

     3      ?
    --- = -----
     7     28

What did we have to multiply 7 by in order to get 28.  Since
7x4=28, we multiplied the denominator by 4, so we must
also multiply the numerator by 4.

     3      3x4     12
    --- =  ----- = ----
     7      7x4     28

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math TEacher

 When was thanksgiving first made a national holiday? 

 Thanksgiving Day is a legal holiday in the U.S., first celebrated in 
early colonial times in New England. The actual origin, however, 
is probably the harvest festivals that are traditional in many 
parts of the world (see: Festivals and Feasts). After the first 
harvest was completed by the Plymouth colonists in 1621, Governor 
William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving and prayer, 
shared by all the colonists and neighboring Indians. In 1623 a 
day of fasting and prayer during a period of drought was changed 
to one of thanksgiving because the rain came during the prayers. 
Gradually the custom prevailed in New England of annually 
celebrating thanksgiving after the harvest. During the American 
Revolution a yearly day of national thanksgiving was suggested by 
the Continental Congress.

In 1817 New York State adopted Thanksgiving Day as an annual 
custom, and by the middle of the 19th century many other states 
had done the same. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln appointed a 
day of thanksgiving, and since then each president has issued a 
Thanksgiving Day proclamation, generally designating the fourth 
Thursday of November as a holiday.

Thanksgiving is a statutory holiday in Canada, celebrated, since 
1957, on the second Monday in October. Observance of the day 
began in 1879.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 whate is japrh 

 Hi,

I love helping kids learn math.  Do you mean what is a graph?

A graph is a pictoral way to present information.

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what two pieces of land does the denmark strait separate 

 Norway and Sweden, I believe.  Please check a world map and see.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 I'M HAVING PROBLEMS WITH MY SCIENCE HOMEWORK.WE ARE DOING A BIG PROJECT AND WHAT WE HAVE TO DO IS MAKE UP A NEW INVENTION THAT WILL BENIFIT US AND THE MATERIALS WE NEED AND UM LIKEHOW MUCH IT WILL COST AND HOE LONG WILL IT TAKE AND WE  HAVE TO BE PERPAREED SO MY PROBLEM I HAVE NO CLUE WHAT DO AND BY THE WAY WE HAVE TO HAVE MODEL OF OUR INVENTION. 

 Dear Friend,
In order to do a project like this you must first decide what 
sort of things you are interested in.THe possibilities are so many,so you must first narrow down the field to one of yur interest.
Try making a list of questions to which you would like to know the answer.
I suggest that you visit these sites where there are ideas for
projects in different categories.
http://members.aol.com/ScienzFair/ideas.htm
THese are inventions that other kids made at a science fair,
You might get ideas from them.
http://www.parkmaitland.org/sciencefair/inventions.html

Once you have an idea and would like some advice and
hints you are welcome to return and ask me,

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 i'm doing a report on new york.  i need to
find out why new york is called the big apple.
where can i go to find it out.
 

 GOOD QUESTION.  I'D ASK THE LIBRARIAN.  OR GO TO THE FOLLOWING 
SEARCH ENGINE AND TYPE IN "NEW YORK, THE BIG APPLE."

MIKE ONLINE
YOUR KIDDONET HOMEWORK HELPER

 I need  help finding mountain animals from 
the book Oh California in the four regions 
Pg(page)15 THE MOUNTAINS. 

 I'M NOT SURE I UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM.  DO YOU HAVE THE BOOK TO 
FIND THE ANSWER OR DO YOU NEED TO GET THE BOOK FOR THE ANSWERS?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What are two examples of natural regions 

 Deserts and pampas (grassy areas, especially in Argentina).

Mike Online
Your Kiddonet Homework Helper

 i am in a saxon math at the bellows falls middle school non as bfms it is cool ....
and i have to learn ho th do things like 

      N = 

    + 45
      ___
       84

THAN FIGER OUT WHAT THE N = 

 HI,

We have the expression n+45=84.

In English that means we have to add some number and 45 together
to get 84.  What do we have to add to 45 to get 84.  We
can figure that out by subtracting 45 from 84.  

84-45=39, so n=39

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Why does the humains float in the cold water easier than the hot water 

 Dear Friend.
THe density of the  cold water is much higher than the warm
water. Objects which float do so only if their density is less
than the surrounfing water
Ingrid , YOur Science Helper

 What will melt a fuse.
 

 Dear Friend,
A fuse is made from a very thin peice of wire. This wire  is specially made so that
if it get a bit too hot it will melt very easily
So if an electrical gadget is NOT working properly then the wires conducting the
electricity start heating up. 
The moment this heat gets enough it melts the fuse. 
When the fuse melts the pathway on which the electricity travels (circuit) is broken 
 and so the electricity switches off.
This is a safety device.If there is something wrong with an appliance and it may become dangerous to touch,
but by causing the fuse to melt and swirch off the appliance we protect ourselves.

So the answer to your question is: Over heating in the wires of a electrical  circuit 
cause the thin wire fuse to melt and switch off the electricity.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 How   does   a    volcano  explode? 

 Dear Friend.

Way deep down under the earths crust is a substance which is
called MAGMA. Magma flows like a very thick syrup.
Inside the Magma are gases which are trapped there.
If these gases heat up to much they try to force their way up and 
outwards ,and this causes the explosion of all of the magma
and other materials on the slopes of the volcano.
If you have a bottle of soda, it has this gas dissolved in the water.
If you try shakin up the bottle of soda, and slowly opening the lid,
the gas forces its way up, and all the water shoots our of the bottle.
THis is similar to the idea of the explosion in a volcano.

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 WHAT  is  15*5=75 

 HI,

15*5=15+15+15+15+15=75, so you are completely correct!!!

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 where can i find some information on how the compact disc player works?
  

 Dear Friend,
I have just the place for you. YOu need to go to the site called
HOW STUFF WORKS at
http://www.howstuffworks.com/
On the right side . there is a search area, where you can enter youre
requests.
THe information about CD's and CD players are at
http://www.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm
Ingrid your Science Helper

 Where can I find information on the tropical savanah? 

 Savanna, also savannah, tropical grassland with a scattering of shrubs and small and large trees. Savannas may result from soil conditions, from periodic fires caused by lightning or set by humans, or from climatic influences.
This should help....

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper


Climatically determined savannas, as found in western and southwestern Africa, develop in regions with marked wet and dry seasons, where rainfall ranges between 100 and 400 mm (4 and 16 in) a year. These savannas vary from open-canopied forests with a grassy understory to true savannas in which grasses are dominant. When the rainfall is 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 in), generally only grasses can survive the dry season. When rainfall reaches 300 mm (12 in), the soil holds enough water to sustain shrubs through the dry season as well. When rainfall exceeds 300 mm, enough water is left to support solitary trees; and when rainfall exceeds 400 mm, enough moisture remains during the dry season to allow trees to grow more densely and to form a canopy, shading out the grasses.

In regions of higher rainfall, such as eastern Africa, savanna vegetation is maintained by periodic fires. Consuming dry grass at the end of the rainy season, the fires burn back the forest vegetation, check the invasion of trees and shrubs, and stimulate new grass growth. These savannas are also influenced by large grazing mammals such as wildebeest and zebra. When abundant, the animals can so reduce the vegetation that the grassy cover cannot carry a fire. Woody vegetation then increases, changing savanna to woodland. Such woody growth can be reduced, in turn, by large browsers such as elephants.

Soil-determined savannas include the llanos of Venezuela and the campos cerrados of Brazil. The latter are characterized by a hard crust in the soil, formed by ferric oxides. Grasses grow in the soil above the crust; trees grow where roots, following cracks in the crust, can reach deeper groundwater.

 Is there any way that you can help me with my homework? I have to find pictures on the internet of physical and chemical changes. Can you help me? 

 Dear Friend,
Here is some info along with a few pictures too on
the subject you need. They ar at these sites on the internet.
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/core/8thgrd/student/ChemPhys/physchemc.htm

http://hall.gresham.k12.or.us/science/week5.html

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 i need a picture of the north carolina state bird. 

 It's the [red] cardinal, which you can find in bird books or 
perhaps in your back yard, if your lucky.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 can you tell me how to get lots of information on the Inuit Indians? 

 Yes. Here it is.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Inuit, also called Eskimo, are people of Arctic Mongoloid stock inhabiting small enclaves in the coastal areas of Greenland, Arctic North America (including Canada and Alaska), and extreme northeastern Siberia. Their name for themselves is Inuit (in Siberian and some Alaskan speech, Yuit ), meaning ìthe people.î The name Eskimo comes from the descriptive term for ìeaters of raw flesh,î inaccurately applied to them by an Algonquian people.

Physical Characteristics and Regional Groupings
Arctic Region
The Inuit vary within about 5 cm (about 2 in) of an average height of 163 cm (64 in). Their faces are broad and round, with high cheekbones, narrow eyes, and the epicanthic eyelid fold. Their hair is jet black, and skin color varies from light to dark brown. They are well built and inclined to be stocky, and display metabolic, circulatory, and other adaptations to the Arctic climate. The men are muscular and usually lack facial hair.

Inhabiting an area spanning almost 5150 km (almost 3200 mi), Inuit have a wider geographical range than any other aboriginal people and are the most sparsely distributed people on earth. They fall generally into the following geographical divisions, moving from east to west: (1) Greenland Inuit, living on the eastern and western coasts of southern Greenland, who have adopted many European ways and are known as Greenlanders or Kalaallitt (Kal‚tdlit); (2) Labrador Inuit, occupying the coast from a point opposite Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, with a few settlements on southern Baffin Island; (3) Central Inuit, including those of far northern Greenland and, in Canada, Baffin Island and western Hudson Bay; (4) Banks Island Inuit, on Banks Island, Victoria Island, and other large islands off the central Arctic coast; (5) Western Arctic Inuit or Inuvialuit, along the western Arctic coast of Canada; (6) Alaskan Inuit; (7) Alaskan Yuit; and (8) Siberian Yuit.

History
From archaeological, linguistic, and physiological evidence most scholars conclude that the Inuit migrated across the Bering Strait to Arctic North America. A later arrival to the New World than the American Indians, the Inuit share many cultural traits with Siberian Arctic peoples and with their own closest relatives, the Aleuts. The oldest archaeological sites identifiable as Inuit, in southwest Alaska and the Aleutians, date from about 2000 bc and are somewhat distinct from later Inuit sites. By about 1800 bc the highly developed Old Whaling or Bering Sea culture and related cultures had emerged in Siberia and in the Bering Strait region. In eastern Canada the Old Dorset culture flourished from about 1000-800 bc until about ad 1000-1300. The Dorset people were overrun by the Thule Inuit who by ad 1000-1200 had reached Greenland. There, Inuit culture was influenced by medieval Norse colonists and, after 1700, by Danish settlers.

Language and Literature
The languages of the Inuit peoples constitute a subfamily of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. A major linguistic division occurs in Alaska, according to whether the speakers call themselves Inuit (sing., Inuk) or Yuit (sing., Yuk). The eastern branch of the subfamilyógenerally called Inupiaq in Alaska but also Inuktitut in Canada and Kalaallisut (Kal‚dtlisut) in Greenlandóstretches from eastern Alaska across Canada and through northern into southern Greenland. It forms a dialect chain; that is, it consists of many dialects, each understandable to speakers of neighboring dialects, although not to speakers of geographically distant dialects. The western branch, called Yupik, includes three distinct languagesóCentral Alaskan Yupik and Pacific Gulf Yupik in Alaska and Siberian Yupik in Alaska and Canadaóeach with several dialects (See also American Indian Languages). The Inupiaq dialects have more than 40,000 speakers in Greenland and more than 20,000 in Alaska and Canada. Yupik languages are spoken by about 17,000 people, including some 1000 in the former Soviet Union. These various languages are used for the first year of school in some parts of Siberia, for religious instruction and education in schools under Inuit control in Alaska, and in schools and communications media in Canada and Greenland.

The Inupiaq and Yupik languages have an immense number of suffixes that are added to a smaller number of root words; these suffixes function similarly to verb endings, case endings, prepositional phrases, and even whole clauses in the English language. A root word can thus give rise to many derivative words, often many syllables long and highly specialized in meaning, and sometimes complex enough to serve as an entire sentence.

Because these languages are among the most complex and difficult in the world, few explorers or traders learned them; instead, they relied on a jargon composed of Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian, and Inupiaq and Yupik words. The Inupiaq and Yupik languages themselves have a rich oral literature, and a number of Greenland authors have written in Greenland Inupiaq. The first book in Inupiaq was published in 1742.

Social Organization
The manners and customs of the Inuit, like their language, are remarkably uniform despite the widespread diffusion of the people. The familyóincluding the nuclear family, nearby relatives, and relations by marriageóis the most significant social unit. In traditional culture, marriages, although sometimes arranged, are generally open to individual choice. Monogamy is the usual pattern, but both polygyny and polyandry also occur. Marriage, a virtual necessity for physical survival, is based on strict division of labor. Husband and wife retain their own tools, household goods, and other personal possessions; men build houses, hunt, and fish, and women cook, dress animal skins, and make clothing. Food sources such as game and fish are considered community property. The underlying social law is the obligation to help one's kin. Community ridicule is the most common means of social control; in extreme cases, after lengthy deliberation, an offender may be socially ostracized or put to death. With the absence of any communal legal structure, harming someone from another group jeopardizes one's own kinship group (which is held responsible for the offense) and raises the possibility of a blood feud. Provocative displays of emotion are strongly disapproved. Some groups control conflict by means of wrestling matches or song duels, in which the angry parties extemporize insulting songs; the loser might be driven from the community.

Provision of Food
The traditional Inuit diet consists mainly of fish, seals, whales, and related sea mammals, the flesh of which is eaten cooked, dried, or frozen. The seal is their staple winter food and most valuable resource. It provides them with dog food, clothing, and materials for making boats, tents, and harpoon lines, as well as fuel for both light and heat. In the interior of Alaska and Canada, caribou are hunted in the summer. To a lesser extent the polar bear, fox, hare, and Arctic birds, chiefly sea birds, also furnish important supplies. Large game such as whale, walrus, and caribou require bigger hunting expeditions than are possible for one kinship group. Temporary hunting alliances are then formed with nonrelatives; such alliances are often given the aura of kinship by means of temporary wife exchange. Many families follow a seasonal hunting and fishing cycle that takes them from one end to the other of their customary territory; trade with other groups often occurs along the way. In the late 20th century many Inuit work for wages and buy commercially prepared food.

Housing, Transportation, and Clothing
Snow Igloo
Igloos (Inuit iglu,  ìhouseî) are of two kinds: walrus or sealskin tents for summer and huts or houses for winter. Winter houses are usually made of stone, with a driftwood or whalebone frame, chinked and covered with moss or sod. The entrance is a long, narrow passage just high enough to admit a person crawling on hands and knees. During long journeys some Canadian Inuit build winter houses of snow blocks piled in a dome shape. Such snow houses, rare in Greenland and unknown in Alaska, were once permanent winter houses of the Inuit of central and eastern Canada. In the 20th century many Inuit have moved into towns to live in government-built, Western housing.

The principal traditional means of conveyance are the kayak, the umiak, and the dogsled. The light, seaworthy kayak is a canoelike hunting boat made of a wood frame completely covered with sealskin except for a round center opening, where the single occupant sits. In Greenland and Alaska the skin around the hole can be laced tightly around the occupant, making the kayak virtually watertight. The umiak, a larger, open boat about 9 m (about 30 ft) long and 2.4 m (8 ft) wide, and made of a wooden frame covered with walrus skins, is used for whaling expeditions and, sometimes, to transport families and goods. The sled, drawn by a team of native dogs admirably adapted for the purpose (see: Eskimo Dog), is common among all Inuit except those in southern Greenland. When iron was obtained through trade, iron runners largely supplanted ivory and whalebone runners. In the last half-century motorboats and snowmobiles have become important modes of travel.

Traditional Inuit dress for both men and women consists of watertight boots, double-layer trousers, and the parka, a tight-fitting double-layer pullover jacket with a hood, all made of skins and furs. An enlarged hood forms a convenient cradle for nursing infants.

Religious Beliefs
Traditional Inuit beliefs are a form of animism, according to which all objects and living beings have a spirit. All phenomena occur through the agency of some spirit. Intrinsically neither good nor bad, spirits can affect people's lives and, although not influenced by prayers, can be controlled by magical charms and talismans. The person best equipped to control spirits is the shaman, but anyone with the appropriate charms or amulets can exercise such control. Shamans are usually consulted to heal illnesses and resolve serious problems. Communal and individual taboos are observed to avoid offending animal spirits, and animals killed for food must be handled with prescribed rituals.

Inuit rituals and myths reflect preoccupation with survival in a hostile environment. Vague beliefs of an afterlife or reincarnation exist, but these receive little emphasis. Most communal rites center on preparation for the hunt, and myths tend to deal with the relations that exist between humans, animals, and the environment. In Greenland, Labrador, and southern Alaska, large numbers of Inuit have converted to Christianity.

Arts and Crafts
Inuit Drum Song of Alaska
Inuit Song of Canada
Inuit Soapstone Sculpture
From prehistoric times Inuit tools have been noted for their careful construction and the artistry of their carved ornamentation. Ivory from walruses and whales, the most accessible material for carving, is fashioned into figurines representing animals and people, and into decorated knobs, handles, and other tool parts. Driftwood and whalebone are carved into ceremonial masks, some small enough to be worn on women's fingers during a ritual dance. After contact with European, Canadian, and U.S. traders began in the 18th century, the Inuit also made, as trade items, scrimshaw-carved tusks and ivory and whalebone objects such as canes and cribbage boards. After about 1950, the Canadian government, concerned with pressures that increasingly pushed the Inuit into a cash economy, encouraged the carving and sale of highly sophisticated soapstone sculptures. Sculpture and printmaking, marketed through cooperatives, have become mainstays of the Canadian Inuit economy and the best-known aspect of Inuit culture.

Inuit performing arts center on ceremonial songs and dances. Some magical songs are personal property and can be sold or traded. The principal musical instrument is the shallow, tambourinelike shaman's drum.

Adjusting to Change
In the late 20th century the Inuit have become more assertive, forming organizations to represent their interests, such as the Alaska Federation of Natives (1966). The organizations have been instrumental in resolving land claims since 1971 (see: American Indians: Indians in Contemporary Society ). In Greenland the 1970s and 1980s were marked by a campaign for home rule from Denmark. In December 1991 the Canadian government, yielding to ongoing Inuit pressure, agreed to the creation of a new unit known as Nunavut in what is now the Northwest Territories. Nunavut, which is equal in size to one-fifth of Canada, is to have territorial status. The Inuit there will have political control and broad economic rights over the territory.

The international Inuit Circumpolar Conference, founded in 1977, meets every three years. It provides a forum for Greenland and North American Inuit to exchange information on common problems, lobby for an Inuit voice in the planning of economic development, and promote the preservation of the environment.

 what is a region? 

 It is usually a part of a country.  Check the dictionary for the
several meanings that REGION has, please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what turns blue litmus paper red? 

 Dear Friend.
Litmus paper is what we call an INDICATOR
An INDICATOR changes color to show (indicate) something.
If blue litmus paper turns red it indicates the presence of 
an acid.
Some acids are :lemon juice , vinegar and Hydrochloric Acid.
All of these would turn Blue litmus paper red.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 how do I improve my memory retrieval. 

 I hope this helps you.  There are some memory devices here, tied 
into reading.

Dear KiddoNetter:

Have you ever seen a fella standing on the street corner, holding up a newspaper and yelling, "EXTRA! EXTRA! READ ALL ABOUT IT!"  Well, that's kind of what we're saying to you here: Reading (and remembering) - they're worth shouting about!

Let's jump to the chase.  Alot of you keep asking KiddoNet Homework Helper,
"Please tell me how I can read better and faster."  We hear you! That's why we're offering up some proven ways to help you improve both your reading SPEED, COMPREHENSION, and ABILITY TO REMEMBER what you read.  

Reading is so important and enjoyable, in school and beyond, that we want you to get stronger and stronger at it - day by day, month by month, year by year.  

So READ ALL ABOUT IT -- and keep your questions coming.  You'll find us always here to help - one person at a time: That means YOU!  Have a great school year. work hard and smart - and you'll do well!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

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                         READING AND REMEMBERING 
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First thing: you're already reading: THIS! So the question is not whether you
read, which you can! BUT how can you read better and faster?  And yes, we also want to answer your question, "How can I REMEMBER better? (which can mean better tests grades, more self-confidence, praise, you name it!). 

So where do we start? 

We start with strategies, which means learning things that are useful. 
There are four popular reading strategies: KWL, MAPPING, GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS, and SQ3R.  We'll look at all four below.  Your job here is to read this material carefully and see what you think will benefit you.

Keep in mind, however (ugh!) that these strategies are not magic; they all take work. But that's okay. Why?  Because, if you work at them, they'll work for you:

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ THE FOUR STRATEGIES: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

1. KWL 

To use the KWL strategy, all you need to do is set up a chart like the one below and fill it in each time you read.  You will be surprised by how helpful it can 
be for all your subjects, like science, math, history, geography, and English.

________________________________________________________________________________
             K                          W                           L

    List what you KNOW:    List what you WANT to know:    List what you LEARNED:
________________________________________________________________________________

2. MAPPING

When you use this strategy, you actually draw a map of whatever you are reading.
Mapping is much like clustering (used to brainstorm ideas) but in mapping, the ideas come from the reading, not from your personal experiences.  The method? Simply place the subject of your reading (the topic) in the center and "map" out the details as you read.  

Okay. Now let's say you have to do another book report.  Look below and see how you'd map it out.  By the way, happy day!  You can use almost all this information in your finished report, whether you write it out by hand or do it on the computer.  In fact, say you want to use your computer for both mapping AND your final report, (using Word Perfect or ClarisWorks or whatever), then all you have to do is paste the parts you've mapped and copy them in the order that you or your teacher wants!

                                  Title   
                                    &
                                  Author:  


                Characters                    Setting
              (list/describe):                of story:
                               _____________
                                  TOPIC:     
                               (book report)
                               _____________        

                      Plot:                     Theme:
                   (summary of               (What is the
                    the story)              main story idea) 

                                My opinion: 
                           (why I liked the book
                            and/or why not - and
                            then maybe whether you 
                            recommend it & to whom)                 

________________________________________________________________________________

3. GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

A third study-reading strategy is the graphic organizer.  Sounds like a doomsday
machine; it's not.  What you do is simply draw and fill in one of the following
organizers as you read or study. (Remember: You can change or expand any of these organizers to fit your needs.)  This strategy is especially good for complicated history and science units -- or for essays or term papers. Drum roll, please...Here it is, from A thru F. 

A. DESCRIBING: Write the subject you're reading about in a circle. Then, while you are reading, list the important details on the spokes of the circle. (It's like MAPPING, which we learned about in #2 above.) The important thing is to keep writing the details as you go along reading, not afterwards.  And if you have the brilliant idea to stop for a snack say every 40 minutes, then just put a tiny pencil mark in the book so you can pick up where you left off.  The point is to ALWAYS KEEP ORGANIZED, with a good system like GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS, so you don't have an ungodly mish-mash later on to get depressed over and say, I quit!

B. FINDING CAUSE AND EFFECT: Simply fill in the causes on the first set of lines and the effects on the other set of lines.  Use as many lines as you need to cover the subject -- say, to explain the Civil War or air polution or whatever.  

        CAUSES:                                          EFFECTS:
____________________________                   ________________________________
____________________________                   ________________________________
____________________________                   ________________________________

C. FINDING SEQUENCE: If the topic you are studying has a definite sequence, 
list the facts and details in order beneath it.
   
   Topic:__________________________________
    1 _____________________________________
    2 _____________________________________
    3 _____________________________________
    4 _____________________________________

D. COMPARING and CONTRASTING: Write the two things you want to compare or contrast on the top lines.  Then list all the ways they are similar; next list the ways they differ.  Use this method if, say, it looks like you're going to 
have to write a "Compare and Contrast" essay:  Again, be organized and prepared!

   COMPARE/CONTRAST: ________________________  and  ___________________________

        Similarities:
        _______________________________________________________________________
        _______________________________________________________________________
        _______________________________________________________________________

        Differences:
        _______________________________________________________________________
        _______________________________________________________________________
        _______________________________________________________________________

E. IDENTIFYING a PROBLEM/SOLUTION: List the problems on the left and the solutions on the right. Again, remember, the name of the game is: organize, be logical. That's what all these techniques are about -- to make it easier on you, so you don't have to reinvent the wheel everytime you study.  

By the way, this PROBLEM/SOLUTION chart could easily be substituted with an ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES chart.


                Problem:                               Solution:

     1_______________________________      1__________________________________
     2_______________________________      2__________________________________
     3_______________________________      3__________________________________
     4_______________________________      4__________________________________

F. FINDING EXAMPLES: List the main topic in the center and the examples that relate to it on all sides, a techniques which is like mapping.  Nuh-duh; it is.
Use this when you have to read up on an assignment like: "List four  
energy sources; also give two advantages & two disadvantages of each source." 

   NOTE: For the advantages/disadvantages of each energy source, you'd combine                                                  
         E above (ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES) and F (FINDING EXAMPLES).   
   

                        Example_____________________


                              
      Example________________          TOPIC:         Example___________________

                               ----------------------



                         Example_____________________


________________________________________________________________________________

4. SQ3R: Probably the most popular technique for reading and remembering is the
SQ3R method.  SQ3R stands for the five steps in the study-reading process:
Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review.   Now for the details on this method, which may sound complicated but really isn't.  And here's the best part of SQ3R: Once you learn to read even a little, it can be used for almost all assignments, from elementary school all the way through college!  But keep in mind that all five SQ3R steps should be used if you want it to really work well.  Here goes:

A. SURVEY: The first step in the SQ3R study method is "survey." When you survey a reading assignment, you try to get the big picture of what the assigment is
about.  To survey, you must look briefly at each page, paying special attention to the headings, chapter titles, illustrations, and boldfaced type. (As you may know, when you see boldfaced type it usually means it's an important definition to remember and be tested on!)  By the way, it is also a good idea to read the first and last paragraphs on the page.  This should give you a good overall picture, or survey.

B. QUESTION: As you do your survey, you should begin to ask yourself questions about the reading material.  One quick way to do this is to turn the heading into questions.  (Here, for example, you see SQ3R so you ask, "What is SQ3R?"  It may sound like kind of a waste of time BUT asking questions will turn you into an "active" rather than a "passive" reader.  It will keep you thinking about what may be coming up next.

C. READ: Read your material carefully from start to finish.  Look for main ideas in each paragraph or section.  Take notes as you read, or stop from time to time to write a brief summary.  Read the difficult parts slowly.  (Read them again if
necessary.)  Use context clues in the reading (examples, synonyms, comparisons/contrasts, descriptions, photos, and graphs) to help you figure out some of the most difficult ideas and words.  Look up unfamiliar words or ideas -- or ASK US AT KIDDONET HOMEWORK HELPER when you get stuck.

D. RECITE: One of the most valuable parts of the SQ3R method is the reciting step.  It is very important that you recite out loud (or whisper) what you have learned from your reading.  It is best to stop at the end of each page, section, or chapter to answer the who, what, when, where, why, and how questions.  By reciting this information out loud, you can test yourself on how well you understand what you have read.  You may then go back and reread if necessary.

E. REVIEW: The final step in the SQ3R study method is the review step.  You should review as soon as you finish reading.  If you have some written questions to answer about the assignment, do them immediately.  If you have no questions to answer, summarize the assigment in a short writing or make an outline, note cards, illustrations, etc. to help you review and remember what you have read.  

You may also use one of the three methods described above: KWL, MAPPING, and/or GRAPHIC ORGANIZER to work along side the SQ3R method, depending on your current assignment....


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....Well, as they say in the old cartoons, "That's all folks!"  Here's hoping you'll find alot of USEFUL information in these four methods for Reading and Remembering just described.

Here's one more suggestion.  It might be a good idea to SAVE and PRINT OUT this information, discuss it with a friend and/or your teacher, and if you don't understand something or want specific examples on how a method can be applied to your problem, PLEASE CONTACT US.  Again, our address is:  

www.kiddonet.com
click on: Homework Helper
choose: Language Arts, Social Studies, Math, or our new Science Homework Helper

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 I got a word problem in algebra yesterday and it stated:

The sum of three consecutive odd integers is less than 100.  What are the greatest possible values of these integers?

 

 Hi,

If we say that x is the first odd integer, then the next
one is two more or x+2, and then the last one is two more
than the second or four more than the first, or x+4

The Sum of these numbers, meaning we add them together

x+x+2+x+4<100

So, we combine like terms on the left side to get

3x+6<100

Now we subtract 6 from both sides.

3x+6-6<100-6

3x<94

Now we divide both sides by 3...this does not change the
direction of our inquality.

3x/3<94/3

x<94/3

x<31.33333....

So, the largest odd integer that is less than 31.33333... is
31, so the largest set of these three consecutive odd integers
would be 31,33,35.  Let's check 31+33+35=99<100

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What are cells? 

 Dear Friend,
Just as a house may be built from bricks, so a living
thing is built of units which are called cells.
Cells are extremely tiny and so can only be sen through
the microscope.
Every organism (living thing) is made up of at least one cell,
and most of them are made up of an enormous number 
of cells and so  are called multicellular organisms.
Each cell is able to carry out many many functions
which are important for the living organism. 
For example, cells are able to produce energy out of the
food substances which the organism has eaten.
Inside of the cell are tiny organs, known as organelles.
Each organelle carries out a special job or function
in the cell.
The organelle which produces energy is called 
the mitochondrian.
Another very important organelle in the cell is
the nucleus. The nucleus controls all the cells functions,
and is also in charge of the reproduction and inheritance
of the cell.
NOt all cells look exactly alike, although they all have
similar organelles. For example  in humans we have
red blood cells which are tiny, red and disc shaped
and we have nerve cells which have long ,long fibers
sticking out the body of the cell.
If there is anything wlse specific which you need to know
about the cell, I would be very pleased to help you.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper.

 wich ocean is colder artic or antartic 

 I'd say six of one, halp dozen of the other - about the same.

If you want an exact answer, maybe ask 

http://www.altavista.com    your question and you should find

the details I think you need.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Is ain't a real word? 

 It is, but unless you're quoting someone, like:

"Say it ain't so, Joe."

You should not use ain't in formal (Standard American) English;
ain't is a colloquialism for isn't, of course. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 i would like to know a god site to practice for the geography bee.
 

 Go to http://altavista.com   and type in your request:

National Geographic or geography bee.  

I'd also have a world atlas available. 

Much luck!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper 

 What is a form of government in which a small group of the richest, most powerful citizens control the decision-making in ancient Rome?  

 It called an oligarchy.  In Rome the class of people ruling were 
the Patricians.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 i need heilp now ok 

 What help, please?  Write back, okay?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 i dont no hu the first man and dog on erth 

 Adam and Spot?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 tiche me math plesse:OK. and my name is:jennifer
lagrandeur. 

 Dear Jennifer,

I'd love to help you learn math.  The best way I can help you
is for you to post specific questions from your class work and
your homework to the Ask  a  KiddoNet Math Teacher...from there
I can help you.

I wait for you specific questions.

caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what  is  a  thousand  divided  by  9
 

 HI,

      __111____
     9|1000
       -9
      ---
        10
       - 9
       ---
         10
        - 9
        ----
          1
                              1
So, 1000 divided by 9  is 111---
                              9

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what  is  a  thousand  divided  by  9
 

 HI,

      __111____
     9|1000
       -9
      ---
        10
       - 9
       ---
         10
        - 9
        ----
          1
                              1
So, 1000 divided by 9  is 111---
                              9

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what  is  a  thousand  divided  by  9
 

 HI,

      __111____
     9|1000
       -9
      ---
        10
       - 9
       ---
         10
        - 9
        ----
          1
                              1
So, 1000 divided by 9  is 111---
                              9

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 dear Math teacher,
I don't know how to add can you help me and ps I need helop fasrf. 

 Hi,

Question 1:  How do I add 59+86?

To do this problem, you write it as

      59
     +86
     ----

First, we add the digits in the ones place, namely 9+6=15.
15 ones means we have 1 ten and 5 ones.
We put the 5 in the ones place of our answer, and carry the 1 ten to the tens column.

     1
     59
    +86
    ----
      5

Now, we add the digits in the tens place, namely 1+5+8=14.
14 tens mean we have 1 hundred and 4 tens.
We put the 4 in the tens place of our answer and the 1 in the
hundreds place of our  answer.

     1
     59
    +86
    ----
    145

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need some information on " Anxiety " Please send me some information quickly!! Have a :) Day!! 

 Here is some good academic information on anxiety.

Mike Online
Your Kiddonet Homework Helper

Anxiety, fearful anticipation of impending danger, the source of 
which is unknown or unrecognized. The central feature of anxiety 
is intense mental discomfort, a feeling that one will not be able 
to master future events. The person tends to focus only on the 
present and on pursuing one task at a time. Physical symptoms 
include muscle tension, sweaty palms, upset stomach, shortness of 
breath, feelings of faintness, and a pounding heart. Indeed, 
until the late 19th century extreme anxiety was routinely 
mistaken for cardiac or respiratory disorders. At that time 
Sigmund Freud identified anxiety neurosis as a distinct 
diagnosis. He believed that anxiety arises when instinctual 
aggressive or sexual drives threaten to lead a person to behave 
unacceptably, and that it acts as a signal that triggers 
defensive action to repress or redirect these drives. When 
the unconscious defensive maneuvers are unsuccessful, a neurotic 
anxiety reaction occurs.

Learning theorists see anxiety differently. Some believe that 
anxiety is learned when innate fears occur together with 
previously neutral objects or events; for example, an infant 
often startled by a loud noise while playing with a toy may 
become anxious just at the sight of the toy. Others stress the 
importance of imitative behavior and the development of 
particular thought patterns.

Psychiatrists recognize several conditions in which anxiety is 
the main disturbance, including panic disorder and generalized 
anxiety disorder. Panic attacks occur intermittently, whereas 
generalized anxiety is more chronic. In phobias and 
obsessive-compulsive disorders, fear is experienced when an 
individual tries to master other symptoms (see: Mental Disorders; 
Phobia).

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in the 
United States, affecting 2 to 4 percent of the population. 
Evidence suggests that such disorders run in families. Drugs, 
psychotherapy, behavior modification, and relaxation training, 
alone or in combination, are used in treating anxiety.

 i am learning about the rainforest in science and the teacher want us to use 4 forest animals and describe what kind of animals are in the rain forest?
 

 Dear Friend,

I suggest that you go to this site  on the internet 
where you will find descriptions and pictures 
  of some of the animals in the rain forest.

http://www.wellpinit.wednet.edu/jscott/studpage/3/webdoc3.htm

Afterwards when you have chosen your four animals
you can look for more information on each if you need it.
Ingird, Your Science Helper.

 I am typing the problem- Kasey is building a
rectangular cage for her pet. She has 52 in.
of wire to use. What demensions should the 
cage have so that it has the greatest area? 
What is the area? What is the perimeter? 

 Hi,

If so, we can use a spread sheet to help us figure this
question out.  We know that we have a total of 52 inches
to make the fence/cage...this is the total amount that we
can use for the perimeter.  So,our perimeter is 52 inches.

In a rectangle, we have width and length.  We know that 
the perimeter of the rectangle 52=width+width+length+length

So, we know that 52=2*width+2*length or that the length is
the same as 26-width.

So, let's make a spread sheet indicating the possible integral
lengths and widths and figure out the area, namely width*length
for each possibility:

width	length	area
1	25	25
2	24	48
3	23	69
4	22	88
5	21	105
6	20	120
7	19	133
8	18	144
9	17	153
10	16	160
11	15	165
12	14	168
13	13	169
14	12	168
15	11	165
16	10	160
17	9	153
18	8	144
19	7	133
20	6	120
21	5	105
22	4	88
23	3	69
24	2	48
25	1	25

Our largest area is when our dimensions are 13 inch by 13 inch.

Our largest area is when our rectangle is in fact a square.

Now, if you want to use an equation:  Then we can say
that width =x, and therefore length=26-width or length=26-x

Since width*length=area, we know that x(26-x)=Area

You could use a graphing calculator to find the maximum area
on the graph or by using the table function.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need the names of snakes that start with:
J, L, M, N, O, Q, U, W, X, Y, Z  

 Dear Friend,
I am giving you the address of internet sites with the names of snakes.
You can check the list out to find names with those letters.

http://www-surgery.ucsd.edu/ENT/DAVIDSON/snake/3cnames.htm
http://amax.www.cistron.nl/snakes.htm
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 In shapes and solids,what has no faces? 

 Hi,

I suggest you link to...

http://forum.swarthmore.edu/dr.math/faq/formulas/faq.figuredef.html

from the information, you will find the answer to your question.

caralee:)
Your KiddoNet math Teacher

 what is your name? 

 Hi,

I'm Caralee, your Kiddonet Math Teacher!!!

 I need to know about the spheres of the Earth, which enclude atmosphere, lithosphere, mesosphere, hydrosphere, and asthenosphere.  I also need to know where these five spheres are located on or around the Earth.  Can you define and tell me these spheres are located?  

 Dear Friend,
To find out about the Lithosphere, go to this site.
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/earthint.htm#sec2

Then I suggest you look at this diagram and the info on it.
It should help you get your answers to where these spheres are.
Go to this internet site:
http://msgc.engin.umich.edu/cgi-bin/tour_map.cgi?link=interior.html&back=/venus/venus.html&sn=326056&d=/earth/Interior_Structure&br=graphic&cd=false&fr=f&sw=false&tour=&edu=mid
MAKE SURE you copy the whole address of the site, it is VERY long.
Good Luck!
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 I am having trouble revising Geography- Develpoment, GNP per capita and Bangladeshi floods. can you help me? 

 I'm not sure about all your questions.

GNP is Gross National Product, which means the total of everything
produced in, for example, America, or whatever country is being
referred to.

per capita  means for each person, so if you talk about per capita
income, you are talking about the total income of the country
(GNP) divided by the number of people in the country, which in 
the United States comes out to be about $10,000 + - I believe, 
which is the highest per capital in the world.  

As for Bangladesh floods, they are a result of the Monsoon rains, 
usually, which come each year in what is called the Monsoon season,
and besides flooding, provide rain for crops. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper 

 florida  

 Lots of information. Please use what you need. 
Mike Online / Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Florida, one of the South Atlantic states of the United States and the southernmost of the contiguous states. It is bounded on the north by Alabama and Georgia, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Straits of Florida (separating it from Cuba), and on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and Alabama.

Florida entered the Union on March 3, 1845, as the 27th state. It was a member of the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Florida's main economic growth began in the early 20th century, and by the 1990s it had a diversified economy, noted especially for the production of citrus fruit, vegetables, and electronic equipment. Millions of tourists visit the state each year, lured by the warm climate and attractions such as the John F. Kennedy Space Center, on Cape Canaveral. Florida's population nearly tripled between 1960 and 1990, many of the new inhabitants being retired persons from other parts of the U.S. and immigrants from Caribbean countries. In 1513 the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de LeÛn named the region Florida (Spanish, ìfloweryî), either because the vegetation included many flowers or because the time of his visit was Easter week (Spanish, ìPascua floridaî). Florida is known as the Sunshine State.

Land and Resources
Florida is mainly a large peninsula that extends about 645 km (about 400 mi) between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Much of the rest of the state forms the narrow Panhandle between Georgia and Alabama on the north and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. Florida is the 22d largest state, with an area of 170,313 sq km (65,758 sq mi). The lowest point is sea level, and the highest point, an unnamed spot in Walton County, in the Panhandle, is only 105 m (345 ft) above sea level; the approximate mean elevation of the state is just 30 m (100 ft). The dimensions of Florida, which has a coastline of 2173 km (1350 mi), are about 725 km (about 450 mi) from north to south and about 580 km (about 360 mi) from east to west. The federal government owns 9.4 percent of Florida's land area.

Physical Geography
Everglades, Florida
All of Florida except the Panhandle is part of the large Atlantic Coastal Plain, which forms most of the eastern coast of the United States. Whereas most of the coastal plain north of Florida is underlain by unconsolidated layers of sand, clay, and other materials, much of Florida is underlain by thick beds of limestone and similar rock. In the northwestern part of the peninsula the limestone is exposed at the surface, but elsewhere it is usually buried beneath layers of sand and sometimes beneath beds of clay as well. Rainwater trickling downward has dissolved some of the limestone, creating cavities in the rock. Beds of rock, clay, or sand above often collapse into them, creating thousands of circular or irregular holes at the surface. Many of these holes are now filled with water, forming the sinkholes and lakes that are such an important part of the Florida landscape.

A central belt of hills extends south on the peninsula almost as far as Lake Okeechobee, but otherwise the peninsula is flat, particularly south of the lake. Marshes and swamps are common in the flat areas; Big Cypress Swamp and the Everglades cover much of the southern part of the state. Islands, coral reefs, and sandbars extend along almost the entire Atlantic coast and are separated from the mainland by narrow lagoons, which are known as lakes or rivers in some places. Three groups of small islands, the Florida Keys (including Key Largo and Key West), the Marquesas Keys, and the Dry Tortugas, make up the southernmost portion of the state.

The Panhandle region is a small section of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, which extends into Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and other states. The land is low and swampy along the coast, but rises inland, forming a belt of red clay hills in the east and some sandy hills in the extreme west.

Rivers and Lakes
Lake Miccosukee, Florida
Florida has only four major rivers, all in the northern part of the state. The largest in flow is the Apalachicola, which carries the waters of the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers of Georgia across the Florida Panhandle to the Gulf of Mexico. The river with the second greatest flow, the Suwannee, also is fed in part by outflow from Georgia. Two other large rivers are the Saint Johns, in the northeast, and the Escambia, in the far northwest; the St. Johns is the longest (460 km/250 mi) in the state. The Indian River, which stretches for some 210 km (some 130 mi) along the eastern coast of Florida, is not a true river, but a long lagoon of brackish water behind a line of offshore islands.

In addition to many hundred sizable lakes located mainly in central and northern Florida, Lake Okeechobee in the southern part of the peninsula is the third largest freshwater lake entirely within the U.S. Its waters are very shallow.

Climate
Florida Climate Chart
South American Parrots
Almost all of Florida has a humid subtropical climate. At the southern end of the state, however, and particularly in the small islands south of the peninsula, the climate is transitional into a tropical wet and dry climate. In general, the area with a humid subtropical climate has long, hot, rainy summers, short and usually mild winters, and high percentages of total possible sunshine. Winters are rainy in northwestern Florida but become increasingly dry as one moves south in the state. The average annual temperature at Tallahassee, in the northwest, is 20* C (68* F), and at Fort Lauderdale, in the southeast, 25* C (77* F). The recorded temperature in Florida has ranged from -18.9* C (-2* F), at Tallahassee in 1899, to 42.8* C (109* F), at Monticello in 1931. The state receives a yearly average of 1346 mm (53 in) of precipitation, almost entirely in the form of rain. Parts of Florida, especially in the south, are exposed to the dangers of hurricanes.

Plants and Animals
The types of plants that grow in Florida often vary greatly over short distances. Which plants will grow in a particular place is determined in large measure by how wet or dry the climate is and by the temperatures on the coldest winter nights. About 35 percent of the state's land area is covered with forest, mostly composed of longleaf, slash, or pond pine with an intermixture of small hardwood trees and saw palmetto. Many other types of vegetation cover also exist, including hardwood forest, prairie, cypress swamp, and tropical mangrove swamp. A great variety of flowering plants grow in Florida. Common among them are blue lupines, mimosa, lantana, white calla, blue iris, clematis, sunflowers, orchids, yellow jasmine, and roses. One of the most beautiful flowering trees is the royal poinciana. Palms grow in the southern part of the state, and orange trees, mostly cultivated on a commercial basis, are concentrated in the central section.

Many of the native mammals of Florida are declining in number as the human population increases. Such animals are the black bear, white-tailed and Key deer, wildcat, gray fox, and Florida panther. Small animals such as rabbit, opossum, squirrel, and raccoon are numerous. Because of protective legislation, the alligator is fairly common, as are turtles, frogs, lizards, spiders, and scorpions. Birds include egrets, flamingos, herons, and pelicans.

Florida has some 700 species of fish in its rivers, lakes, and coastal marine waters. Very common are mullet, trout, bass, red snapper, pompano, and catfish. The great sport fish are sailfish and tarpon. Shrimp, lobsters, oysters, crabs, clams, and conchs are numerous.

Mineral Resources
Florida's principal minerals are limestone, found in much of the peninsula; phosphate rock, located especially east of Tampa Bay; petroleum, situated chiefly in Santa Rosa County, in the northwest, and near Fort Myers, in the southwest; and fuller's earth, found mainly in the Panhandle. Other minerals include natural gas, sand and gravel, sulfur, peat, kaolin, ilmenite, and rutile.

Population
Florida
Skyline of Miami, Florida
Florida Population Chart
According to the 1990 census, Florida had 12,937,926 inhabitants, an increase of 32.7 percent over 1980. During this period Florida was one of the country's fastest growing states. The average population density in 1990 was 76 people per sq km (197 per sq mi). Whites made up 83.1 percent of the population and blacks 13.6 percent; additional population groups included 35,461 American Indians, 31,457 Asian Indians, 31,945 persons of Filipino ancestry, 30,737 persons of Chinese origin, 16,346 persons of Vietnamese background, 12,404 persons of Korean origin, and 8505 persons of Japanese descent. About 1,574,000 Floridians, or 12.2 percent of the population, were of Hispanic origin. Important ethnic groups included the Seminole, many of whom live on five reservations in the state, and Cubans, who were concentrated in metropolitan areas such as Miami and Tampa. Tarpon Springs was notable as a center for descendants of Greek immigrants. Florida had a greater portion of its population over the age of 60 (18 percent) than any other state in the U.S.; this reflected the large number of persons who moved here after retirement. Roman Catholics made up the state's largest single religious group (23.2 percent); Baptists (22.2 percent) and Methodists (8.2 percent) were the leading Protestant groups, and Jews formed a significant minority (3.6 percent). In 1990 about 85 percent of all Floridians lived in areas defined as urban, and the rest lived in rural areas. The state's largest cities were Jacksonville, Miami, Tampa, Saint Petersburg, and Hialeah. Tallahassee is the capital.

Education and Cultural Activity
Florida has an extensive system of public schools and a broad range of cultural activities, many of them connected with tourism and others catering to the demands of increasing numbers of retired residents.

Education
The first schools in Florida were operated by the Spanish in the 17th century. After short-lived attempts to establish a public school system in the 1830s and 1840s, a statewide system of public education was developed under provisions of the 1868 constitution. The University of Florida, in Gainesville, dates from 1853, and several other institutions of higher learning were founded before the end of the 19th century.

In the late 1980s, Florida had 2505 public elementary and secondary schools. The annual enrollment in public elementary schools was 1,303,400 pupils and in secondary schools, 468,900 students. The school system also included Florida State School for the Deaf and Blind, at Saint Augustine, and more than 30 vocational-technical centers. Some 193,200 students attended private elementary and secondary schools.

In the late 1980s, Florida had 95 colleges and universities. The combined annual enrollment in all public institutions of higher education was about 480,900 students and in private institutions about 92,800 students. Besides the University of Florida, the state's colleges and universities include Bethune-Cookman College (1904), in Daytona Beach; Florida Atlantic University (1961), in Boca Raton; Florida Institute of Technology (1958), in Melbourne; Jacksonville University (1934), in Jacksonville; Rollins College (1885), in Winter Park; Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (1887) and Florida State University (1851), both in Tallahassee; Stetson University (1883), in De Land; and the University of Miami (1925), in Coral Gables.

Cultural Institutions
John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Florida
Cultural life in Florida is concentrated in several cities, notably Miami, Tampa and St. Petersburg, Orlando, Sarasota, and Jacksonville. A major museum is the Florida Museum of Natural History, in Gainesville, with historical, archaeological, and biological exhibits. An important collection of European and American painting is housed in Sarasota's John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art; Sarasota also has a Circus Museum. Other museums in Florida include the Lowe Art Museum, in Coral Gables; Pioneer Florida Museum, in Dade City; the Morikami Museum of Japanese Culture, in Delray Beach; the Museum of Art, in Fort Lauderdale; the Cummer Gallery of Art, in Jacksonville; the Museum of Science, in Miami; the Naval Aviation Museum, in Pensacola; the Museum of Fine Arts of St. Petersburg; and the Norton Gallery, in West Palm Beach.

The state's largest library, the University of Florida Library, contains an excellent collection of works on the Caribbean. Nearly 500 library service outlets, including more than 30 bookmobiles, are scattered throughout Florida. About ten cities support symphony orchestras, and five have opera companies; the state also has more than 100 dance companies. Theater has been traditionally very popular in Florida, and more than 100 theater groups, professional as well as amateur, are active.

Historical Sites
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida
Numerous historical sites recall Florida's Spanish period. The oldest masonry fortress of the continental United States, dating from the 1670s, is part of Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, at St. Augustine. Fort Matanzas National Monument, near St. Augustine; the historic district at Pensacola; and the De Soto National Memorial, near Bradenton, contain other Spanish landmarks. Fort Caroline National Memorial, at Jacksonville, overlooks the site of a short-lived (1564-65) French Huguenot colony. A large masonry fortification (1856) is part of Fort Jefferson National Monument, near Key West.

Sports and Recreation
Epcot Center, Orlando, Florida
Florida's climate attracts millions of tourists each year. With its numerous lakes and long coastline, the state is known for its freshwater and deep-sea fishing. In addition, boating, swimming, waterskiing, skin diving, and hunting are popular. Florida also has many commercial attractions, notably Walt Disney World and Epcot Center, two vast theme parks and recreation centers near Orlando. Large stadiums in Miami, Jacksonville, Tampa, and other cities host collegiate and professional sporting events. The Orange Bowl, in Miami, is noted as the site of a major postseason college football game. Florida's professional sports teams include the Miami Dolphins and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (football), the Miami Heat and the Orlando Magic (basketball), and the Tampa Bay Lightning (ice hockey); the Florida Marlins, based in Miami, were admitted to major-league baseball as of 1993.

Communications
In the early 1990s, Florida had 220 AM and 229 FM radio stations and 91 television stations. The state's first radio station, WQAM in Miami, began operations in 1921. There are 43 daily newspapers with a total daily circulation of more than 3.1 million copies. Florida's first newspaper, the East Florida Gazette,  appeared in St. Augustine in 1783, and the oldest newspaper still published here is the Florida Times-Union,  founded in Jacksonville in 1864. The Miami Herald,  a nationally prominent newspaper, is known for its extensive coverage of the Caribbean. Other major newspapers include the Sun Sentinel,  published in Fort Lauderdale; the Orlando Sentinel;  the Saint Petersburg Times;  the Tampa Tribune;  and the Spanish-language Diario Las AmÈricas,  published in Miami.

Government and Politics
Florida's State Capitol
The present constitution of Florida became effective in January 1969; previous constitutions had been adopted in 1839, 1861, 1865, 1868, and 1886. Constitutional amendments can be proposed by a three-fifths majority vote of the legislature, by a specified number of voters, or by a constitutional convention. To become effective, an amendment must be approved by a majority of persons voting on the issue in an election.

Executive
The chief executive of Florida is a governor, who is popularly elected for four years and may serve up to two consecutive terms. In case of the governor's resignation, death, or removal from office, he or she is replaced by the lieutenant governor, who also is elected to a 4-year term. The Florida cabinet, which is more independent than those in other states, has six membersóthe secretary of state, attorney general, comptroller, treasurer and commissioner of insurance, commissioner of agriculture, and commissioner of educationóall of whom are popularly elected to 4-year terms.

Legislature
The legislature of Florida consists of a senate and a house of representatives. The senate has 40 members, elected to 4-year terms, and the house has 120 members, elected to 2-year terms. The president of the senate is elected by all senators, and the speaker of the house by all representatives. A special session of the legislature may be convened by the governor.

Judiciary
Florida's highest court, the supreme court, has seven members; the chief justice is elected by the court for a two-year term. Second highest are five district courts of appeal, with a total of 57 judges. Supreme court and district court judges are appointed by the governor to initial 6-year terms, which can be extended by voters in general elections every six years. The system of trial courts includes 20 circuit courts, whose 421 judges are elected to 6-year terms on a nonpartisan basis; county and juvenile courts; and courts of justices of the peace.

Local Government
The basic unit of local government in Florida is the county. Most of the state's 67 counties are administered by five-member elected boards of commissioners. Other elected county officials are the sheriff, tax collector, tax assessor, supervisor of elections, clerk of the circuit court, auditor, recorder, and custodian of county funds. Smaller units are municipalities and special districts.

National Representation
Florida elects 2 senators and 23 representatives to the U.S. Congress. The state has 25 electoral votes in presidential elections.

Politics
Since 1877 almost all of Florida's governors have belonged to the Democratic party. From 1880 to 1948 the state's voters favored the Democratic presidential nominee in all elections except that of 1928; a Republican trend has been evident since the early 1950s.

Economy
Spaceport U.S.A.
The economy of Florida has greatly expanded and diversified since the early 20th century, when it was dominated by farming. Agriculture remained important in the early 1990s, but tourism was the leading economic sector, and manufacturing also contributed heavily to the economy. Many jobs were associated with U.S. government facilities, such as the John F. Kennedy Space Center, on Cape Canaveral, and Eglin Air Force Base, near Pensacola. Miami was a growing international financial center for the Caribbean region. Florida's economy benefited from the many older persons who spent their retirement income in the state.

Agriculture
Florida is a major agricultural producer, ranking ninth among the U.S. states in terms of annual farm income. It contains some 40,000 farms, which have an average size of 106 hectares (263 acres). More than 75 percent of Florida's yearly agricultural income derives from the sale of crops, and the rest is generated by sales of livestock and livestock products. The principal farm product is citrus fruit, particularly oranges, which are grown mainly in the central part of the state; Florida leads the nation in the production of oranges, grapefruit, and tangerines. The second leading group of farm commodities is made up of dairy products and beef cattle, produced chiefly in central and southeastern Florida.

Florida is second only to California in the production of vegetables and melons, including beans, green peppers, cucumbers, celery, potatoes, cantaloupes, and watermelons. Along with Hawaii, it is a leading state in growing sugarcane, produced principally in the Everglades region of the S. Tomatoes and soybeans are other valuable Florida field crops, as are corn and tobacco. Large numbers of broiler chickens are raised, and Florida is among the leading states in producing greenhouse and nursery plants and field-grown flowers. Substantial quantities of peanuts and pecans are also produced.

Forestry
Florida contains 6.1 million hectares (about 15 million acres) of commercial timberland, which supports a substantial forest-products industry. The annual timber harvest provides not only lumber but also pulpwood for use in paper mills. About two-thirds of the harvest consists of softwoods, mainly slash pine. Oak and hickory are among the leading hardwoods cut. The forestry industry is concentrated in northern Florida.

Fishing
Lake Okeechobee, Florida
Florida ranks among the top states in the value of its annual fish catch. Both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico are important sources of fish, with the Gulf catch being more than twice as valuable. The principal marine species landed are shrimp, lobsters, crabs, clams, oysters, swordfish, mackerel, mullet, and red snapper. Major sponge fisheries operate off southern Florida. Freshwater fish formerly were an important commercial commodity, but now they are caught almost exclusively by sport fishers.

Mining
Sand Mining
Florida has an important mining industry. It is the leading U.S. producer of phosphate rock, a large portion of which is used to manufacture fertilizer. Phosphate rock production, which accounts for more than half the value of all minerals produced in Florida, is centered in Polk County. Florida ranks among the top states in the yearly production of magnesium compounds, peat, zircon, titanium concentrate, crushed stone, and masonry cement. Other important minerals recovered include petroleum, sand and gravel, natural gas, fuller's earth, and kaolin.

Manufacturing
Florida has more than 15,000 manufacturing establishments, which together are responsible for the employment of more than 540,000 workers. Manufactures account for about 10 percent of the annual gross state product. The leading types of products, based on annual payroll, are electronic equipment, transportation equipment, precision instruments, printed materials, and processed foods. Leading food products include concentrated orange juice and other citrus items, canned and frozen vegetables, and prepared seafood. Among the state's other important products are fertilizer, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Electronic equipment is manufactured partly in association with the U.S. space program and national defense efforts. Transportation equipment includes vehicles built for the space program and missiles constructed for the armed forces. Among the state's other manufactures are tobacco products (notably cigars made in Tampa), clothing, industrial machinery, fabricated metal, and paper products. The Miami and Tampa-St. Petersburg metropolitan areas are the main manufacturing centers.

Tourism
Miami Beach, Florida
Sunny Florida
Florida's leading economic sector is tourism; more than 650,000 Floridians work in tourism-related enterprises, such as hotels, restaurants, and recreational services. More than 39 million people vacation in Florida each year, yielding more than $28 billion in revenue. Tourists are attracted by Florida's warm climate, especially in winter, and by its many cultural and recreational offerings. Among the most popular beach resorts are Daytona Beach, Fort Lauderdale, and Miami Beach, on the Atlantic coast, and Clearwater and Panama City, on the Gulf coast. Also popular are Canaveral National Seashore, on the Atlantic near the Kennedy Space Center, and Gulf Islands National Seashore, near Pensacola.

Several major tourist attractions have been developed away from the coastal areas. The largest of these is the Walt Disney World theme park and recreation center, near Orlando, which attracts an estimated 28.5 million visitors each year. Other inland attractions include Cypress Gardens, in Winter Haven, and Sea World and the Universal Studios theme park, near Orlando. Many persons visit Everglades National Park, encompassing a huge subtropical wilderness, and the adjacent Big Cypress National Preserve, which contains a great variety of plant and animal life. Biscayne National Park also is in the area. The state maintains some 115 parks and recreation areas.

Transportation
Florida is served by a dense network of transportation facilities. The state has about 173,946 km (about 108,085 mi) of roads, including 2343 km (1456 mi) of interstate highways. Florida has some 4097 km (some 2546 mi) of operated Class I railroad track; Jacksonville is a major rail hub. The state contains 431 airports, 203 heliports, and 22 seaplane bases. The busiest airfield is Miami International Airport, with many connections to Caribbean islands and Central and South America. Other major airports serve Tampa-St. Petersburg, Jacksonville, and Orlando. Large numbers of tourists travel to and from Florida by airplane.

Florida has several major seaports, some serving vessels using the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. Leading ports on the Atlantic coast are Jacksonville, Port Everglades (near Fort Lauderdale), and Miami, and major ports on the Gulf coast are Tampa, Panama City, and Pensacola.

Energy
Florida's electric power plants have an installed generating capacity of about 32.9 million kw and produce some 123.6 billion kwh of electricity each year. About 81 percent of the electricity is generated by conventional steam installations using fossil fuels, about 18 percent by nuclear power plants, and the rest at hydroelectric and internal-combustion facilities. Nuclear power units are situated near Miami, near Fort Pierce, and at Crystal River.

History
Deer Hunting in the 16th Century
The original peoples of Florida included the Timucua, Apalachee, and Calusa Indians. They were absorbed by the Seminoles, Lower Creeks from Georgia who migrated to Florida and became dominant there in the early 18th century.

The Spaniards were the first Europeans to discover Florida. Juan Ponce de LeÛn, under authority of a grant from the Spanish crown, explored the Florida coast in 1513 in search of the mystical fountain of youth. Later explorations by P·nfilo de Narv·ez in 1528 and Hernando de Soto in 1539-40 revealed that Florida was a peninsula and not a ìvast islandî as Ponce de LeÛn had assumed.

In 1562 Jean Ribaut led a band of Huguenots to Florida, claimed the new territory for France, and then moved to South Carolina. Ribaut returned to Florida in 1565 and, along with another group of Huguenots, was captured and executed at Fort Caroline by Spanish forces under Pedro MenÈndez de Aviles (1519-74). Later the same year, MenÈndez founded St. Augustine, the oldest permanent European settlement in the United States.

The Spanish experienced many difficulties in Florida. The Indians resisted domination, and conflicts with the English persisted. The latter attacked St. Augustine on several occasions, beginning in 1586, and sometimes with considerable damage to the town. The Spanish, in turn, launched raids against the Georgia and Carolina coasts. In 1698 the Spanish founded Pensacola, which was occupied for a time (1719-22) by the French.

In 1763, at the end of the Seven Years' War, Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. The British divided the territory into the provinces of East and West Florida. British domination continued during the American Revolution, although Spanish forces invaded West Florida in 1779 and captured Pensacola in 1781. Spain regained Florida by the Treaty of Paris in 1783. In 1810 the U.S. claimed that West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and thus under American jurisdiction. The Spanish, however, resisted such claims, as well as U.S. incursions into Florida during the War of 1812. Pensacola was temporarily occupied by the British and then the Americans in 1814.

U.S. Acquisition
Chief Osceola
After the war, U.S. troops invaded Florida in an effort to capture escaped slaves from Georgia, and the Seminole Indians retaliated. General Andrew Jackson led an expedition across the border in 1818, took Pensacola, defeated the Seminoles, and created an international incident by executing two British subjects who had aided the Indians. Spain surrendered Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-OnÌs Treaty of 1819. The Seminoles, who had been left largely to themselves by the Spanish, were in 1832 forced into a treaty, by which they agreed to give up their Florida lands for new territory in the West. The majority of them, however, resisted removal and, led by Chief Osceola, fought U.S. forces in the Second Seminole War (1835-42). Most of the Indians were either removed to Oklahoma or killed in the struggle.

Florida was admitted to the Union as the 27th state in 1845. On January 10, 1861, it seceded and joined the Confederacy. During the Civil War, Union forces captured most of the important coastal towns and appointed a provisional governor in 1865, although the only large-scale battle, at Oulstee in 1864, resulted in a Confederate victory. Under the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, Florida came under federal military control. A new state constitution was adopted in 1868, affirming both the abolition of slavery and the right of black suffrage, and Florida was again admitted to the Union.

The Development of Florida
Florida Land Boom
In the late 19th century the future development of Florida was a matter of considerable interest to many northern investors and entrepreneurs. Among them was the railroad magnate Henry M. Flagler (1830-1913), who built the Florida East Coast Line to Miami and Key West. The population of the state doubled between 1870 and 1890, and tourism, which first became noticeable in the 1880s, increased consistently thereafter.

New railroads and highways brought rising numbers of people to Florida, some of whom settled permanently. Thousands of people purchased land at soaring prices. Florida land assessments nearly doubled between 1920 and 1925, and orange groves were cleared for new subdivisions. The land boom, however, collapsed so totally that it may have helped trigger the stock-market crash of 1929 that ushered in the Great Depression.

Economic development resumed dramatically after World War II, as former military personnel returned to the state where they had been stationed, and retirees on social security and government pensions sought a place in the sun. With only 528,000 inhabitants in 1900, Florida counted almost 5 million people in 1960 and more than 12.9 million in 1990, making it the 4th most populous state in the nation. Miami, which had fewer than 5500 people in 1910, was the state's largest metropolitan area in 1990 with 1.9 million inhabitants. The Miami metropolitan area, coextensive with Dade County, includes a significant proportion of Hispanics, blacks, and Jews. About 85 percent of Florida's population lived in urban areas in 1990, and the state contained some of the fastest-growing cities and counties in the U.S.

Florida's economy has also undergone rapid changes. Although agriculture is still expandingóaccounting for most of the citrus production in the U.S., as well as a large volume of vegetablesótourism, services, and new industries have become increasingly important and have given the state a diversified economic base. Military and other government installations (the most famous of which is the space-rocket center at Cape Canaveral) also have come to contribute significantly to the state's economy.

The rapid growth in population and the pressures of new development on the state's environment and resources during the 1970s and '80s have led to state government efforts to control growth by restrictions on land use and by environmental regulations, which are among the strictest in the nation. Although these efforts have not been entirely successful, they have helped to protect the state's coastal regions and other natural preserves. A new challenge to the state came in August 1992, when Hurricane Andrew devastated parts of southern Florida, leaving 41 people dead and 160,000 people homeless and causing about $20 billion in property damage.

 i need help with the formula for special right triangles 

 Hi,

When you say formula for special right triangles, I hope that
you mean a 30-60-90 triangle  and and 45-45-90  triangle.

Okay, let's look at a square with side one...

            1
         -------
        |       |
      1 |       | 1
        |       |
        |       |
         -------  
            1

In a square, all the interior angles are 90 degrees. If we
draw a diagonal, then we end up with an isoscles right triangle with angle 45-45-90...now the two legs of the triangle have side length 1...we can figure out the hypotenuse by using the
Pythagorean theorem.

Hypotenuse squared= 1^2+1^2=1+1=2

So, the hypotenuse is square root of 2.

Now, for a 30-60-90 triangle, lets look at an equalateral triangle with side length two.

            /\
           /  \
      2   /    \2
         /      \
        /        \
        ----------
           2

The interior angles of an equalateral triangle with side
length  are all 60 degrees...if we draw a perpendicular 
bisector from the vertex to the base, we form
a right triangle...the angle we have split is now 30,...    

             /|\
            / | \ 2
        2  /  |  \
          /   |   \
         /    |  60\
         -----------
           1    1


So, the base also gets divided into two equal parts of 1.

So, opposite the 30 degree angle is side length 1,
opposite the 90 degree angle is side length 2.

To figure out the side length opposite the 60 degree angle,
we use the Pythagorean theorem.

2^2=sides^2+1^2

4=sides^2+1

3=side^2

So, the side opposite the 60 degree angle is square root of 3.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 6b-6+b 

 Hi,

We can simplify this expression by combining the b terms

6b+b is 7b, so 6b-6+b=7b-6

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What year did Columbus sail? 

 1492

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

  How should I study for my Language Arts test? 

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                          TESTING 1-2-3-4....
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Dear KiddoNetter:

Alot of you have asked KiddoNet, "How can I improve my test scores in school?"  As a teacher, I want to pass on what I know will help you in four test areas: 

1. ESSAY TESTS (how to plan and write them well so you say what you need to say) 

2. OBJECTIVE TESTS (true/false; matching; multiple choice; fill-in-the blanks)

3. STANDARIZED TESTS (like the CAT, SAT, and other "biggie" exams)

4. TEST-TAKING SKILLS (how to improve your study habits: very important!)

Of course you know that until a history/math/English/science computer test-taking chip is taylor-made for your brain, for better or worse it'll take work and a positive mental attitude to get the test grades you want and teachers expect.  By the way, remember that if YOU do well, your teacher does well!   

It's not easy, but by getting to this point in KiddoNet and reading on, you're taking a big step in the right direction for success & personal satisfaction.  

All of us at KiddoNet wish you well and most important, are always here to help.


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper


P.S. So you don't waste time, please scroll down to where you need help.
_______________________________________________________________________________

                              <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<          
                              TESTING 1-2-3-4
                              >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>  

_______________________________________________________________________________
1. ESSAY TESTS
_______________________________________________________________________________

For many people, reading an essay question/s and then staring at a blank page
with maybe twenty minutes to fill it with wisdom in good English is bad news,  time for the beach, back to sleep for two days, a trip to anywhere (even broke), out the window, "I'm sick. I have to use the bathroom, please, Miss *&%#=!."

So let's try to figure out how to do better than that, without excuses, taking personal responsibility for writing a good essay, okay?  Good.  Then the first thing to remember is that you don't get credit for PANIC-ATTACKS.  Instead, most teachers, who have sweated through lots of tests themselves, suggest some ideas:

A. READ the question several times or until you clearly understand what is being asked for..  Pay special attention to the key word being used in the question: such as if the question says COMPARE & CONTRAST two ideas, then take a piece of scratch paper and start to write down the pro's and con's of the subject the essay question is about.  In other words, start to prepare the answer on a separate piece of paper, not in thin air.  Or maybe the QUESTION says to EXPLAIN or whatever.  Thinking on paper with pen or pencil is usually better than sitting there, your mind wandering in space while your classmates are working like busy bees.  A word from the wise: write notes, don't doodle hearts and initials if you are looking for a good grade.   

B. REPHRASE the question into a statement which can serve as the thesis statement for your essay answer or the topic sentence for a one-paragraph answer.  Note: It often works well to drop the key word and not attempt to include it in your thesis statement. Here's an example:

      Question: "EXPLAIN the immediate effects of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima."
      So make your thesis statement (your topic, some teachers call it):  
      "The immediate effects of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima were devastating...
      [and then list some facts and whatever you know about the topic, and when
      you think you've said what you want to say without repeating the same                     
      thing just to fill up space, then end the essay with something like,
      "Before the day had ended, the devastation from the bomb was nearly 
      complete.  Very little of Hiroshima remained."  (In other words, just 
      restate your thesis statement about the devastation, but in a different
      way to make it more powerful but still sticking to the topic: devastation.

C.  OUTLINE the main points you plan to cover in your answer. (you've done some
of this already in step A above; now continue it, still on a separate sheet or
in the margin of the essay paper.) Time will probably not allow you to include
all supporting details in your outline.  And using a topic outline, not a sentence outline will also save time.  In other words, sketch out your answer 
before you write it.  It'll be more organized and neater.

D.  WRITE your essay (or paragraph).  Begin with your thesis statement (or topic sentence).  Follow this with any background information which is necessary for a
complete understanding of your answer.  End with something like your thesis 
statement (see B above).  By the way, keep track of the time and allow a couple minutes to read the essay over.  Make small changes and correct grammar (have you used complete sentences, spelled right, capitalized the first word in the sentence & words like "I" - & put in periods?  Some teachers love to take off points for English, even if your ideas are brilliant so don't allow that.  Last thing, make sure you have a title for your paper at the top, centered,
plus your name and date & any other information the teacher requests.  It's also a cleaver idea to put the teacher's name (Ms. or Mr.___) & subject on the paper.

IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT ESSAY TESTS, WRITE TO US AT HOMEWORK HELPER;
OTHERWISE, LET'S MOVE ONTO THE MOST POPULAR TEST OF ALL: THE OBJECTIVE TEST...

________________________________________________________________________________
2. OBJECTIVE TESTS
________________________________________________________________________________

Be prepared!  As with all tests, you know from experience that the key to coming in relaxed and giving it your best shot is "to be or not to be" well-prepared.  But that we'll talk about in part 4 below.  Here we're discussing what to do when you enter the judgement room, AFTER you've prepared all your facts & ideas!

        A.  TRUE-FALSE TEST

        1. Read the entire question before answering.  Often the first half of a statement willl be true or false, while the second half is just the opposite.  For an answer to be true, the entire statement must be true. 

        2. Read each word and number carefully.  Pay special attention to names and dates which are similar and could easily be confused.  Also, watch for numbers which contain the same numerals but in a different order (1619...1691).

        3. Be especially careful of true/false statements which contain words like "all, every, always, never, etc."   Very often these statements will be false simply because there is an exception to nearly every rule and your teacher wants to test to see if you know that things are seldom just black or white.

        4. Watch for statements which contain more than one negative word. Remember: Two negatives make a positive. (Example: It is unlikely ice will not melt when the temperature rises above 32 degrees F.)

        5. Remember that if one part of the statement is false, the whole statement is false.

        B.  MATCHING TEST

        1. Read through both lists quickly before you begin answering.  Note any descriptions which are similar and pay particular attention to the details that make them different.

        2. When matching word to phrase (more than one word, as in defining that word), read the phrase first and then look for the single word it describes.

        3. Cross out each answer as you find it - unless you are told that the answers can be used more than once.

        4. If you get stuck when matching word to word, determine the part of speech of each word.  For example, if the word is a noun, match it with another noun; if it's a verb, match it with another verb.

        5. Fill in the blanks with capital letters rather than lower-case 
(small or cursive) letters since capital letters are easier to read by the person correcting the test, especially if that person is not the teacher. 

        C.  MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

        1. Read the directions very carefully to determine whether you are looking for the correct answer or the best answer. Also check to see if some questions can have two (or more) correct answers.

        2. Read the first part of the question very carefully, looking for negative words like "not, never, except, unless, etc."

        3. Try to answer the question in your mind before looking at the choices.

        4. Read all the choices before picking your answer. This is especially important in tests where you are to select the best answer or on tests where one of your choices is a combination or two or more answers. 
(Example: c.Both a and b,  d. All of the above   e. None of the above).

        5. As you read through the choices, eliminate those which are obviously incorrect; then go back and pick from the remaining choices carefully - or make an "educated guess," but don't bother psyching out the pattern of letter answers.

        6. Use words and context clues in the question (and sometimes even from
earlier or later questions, which may contain clues for the question you're 
working on at the time).  Guess only as a last resort.

        D.  FILL IN THE BLANKS (or short answer)

        1. If the word before the blank is "a," the word you need probably begins with a consonant; if the word before the blank is "an," your answer should begin with a vowel.

        2. If the missing word is the subject of the sentence, the verb will tell you whether your answer should be singular or plural.

        3. The length of the blank will often tell you how long your answer should be.  Nuh-duh.

        4. If there are several blanks in a row, it could well indicate the number of words which are needed in your answer.  Again, nuh-duh.

        5. If you don't know the answer immediately, read the statement again and look closely for clues which might help you determine the answer.  Again, information from other questions may help on this question.  Be alert.

        6. Check over your answers if you have a chance and DON'T PANIC: remember it's only a test.  Your classroom participation, on-time homework, extra credit...they all count toward your grade too, often more than tests do!

________________________________________________________________________________
3.  STANDARDIZED TESTS
________________________________________________________________________________

Whether it's the CAT, SAT, or whatever, this kind of test is becoming more
and more popular.  Why?  Because it compares students from all over the country. That means, for example, a kid from a school which is not highly rated has the same chance as a kid from a so-called "rich" or "private" school to go to a good magnet school and later on to a top university. 

So check out this quick guide below; it's not magic but it may help. Good luck!

        A. LISTEN CAREFULLY TO THE INSTRUCTIONS.  Most standardized tests follow very strict guidelines: there is a clear procedure for you to follow and a definite time limit.  

        B. SKIM THE TEST.  Take a quick look at the entire test to make sure you have all the pages -- and that you understand what you need to do with each section.  

        C. READ THE DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY.  Don't assume you know what the test is asking for just by the way it looks.  Most standardized tests have specific directions for each section, and no two sections are exactly alike.

        D. PLAN YOUR TIME.  Many tests are broken down into time frames, allowing you a certain amount of time for each section.  If not, you will have to plan your time based on the number of questions, the difficulty level, and your own strengths and weaknesses.

        E. ANSWER THE EASY QUESTIONS FIRST.  Skip questions you're totally in the dark about; go back to them later.  Even on reading comprehension testing, 
the last questions may actually be easier than the first ones, so don't panic; skip to the last questions about the reading passage first.  Also, if there is more than one reading passage, first read the passage that seems most interesting to you and answer those questions first; then go back to the hairy passage.  And keep remembering that you don't need a perfect score; tell yourself, "I'm doing my best and that's all anyone can ask for!"  That's not bragging, just telling the truth & being kind to yourself.

        F. READ ALL THE CHOICES.  Don't answer a question until you've read all the choices; many choices are purposely worded almost alike to test your true understanding.

        G. MAKE EDUCATED GUESSES.  Unless you're told not to, select an answer 
for every question.  First eliminate choices that are obviously incorrect; then use logic to guess between the remaining answers.  

        H. DOUBLE-CHECK YOUR ANSWERS. As time permits, check each of your answers to make sure you haven't made any foolish mistakes or missed any questions.  Again, don't waste time psyching out the pattern of answers on the
answer sheet.  

        I. WRONG ANSWERS - ARE THEY PENALIZED?  Find out before the test begins,
whether points are taken off for wrong answers, which means guessing.  If not, 
and you have not finished the test on time, then quickly fill in the ovals for the remaining answers.  This is especially important if you've eliminated one
or two foolish answers and can then, say, select from the three remaining choices out of five.  That could be the right guess.

________________________________________________________________________________
4.  TEST-TAKING SKILLS
________________________________________________________________________________         

    A.  ORGANIZING AND PREPARING TEST MATERIAL

        1. Ask the teacher to be as specific as possible about what will be 
           on the test.  Keep in mind that if YOU succeed, the teacher succeeds!

        2. Ask how the material will be tested (true/false, multiple choice, 
           fill-in-the-blanks, essay).  Again, the teacher WANTS you to succeed!

        3. Review you class notes and recopy those sections that are most 
           important.  Condensing your notes helps you think and remember.

        4. Get any notes or materials you may have misssed from the teacher
           or another student.

        5. Set up a specific time or times to study for an exam and schedule
           other activities, like TV, around it, not before it.  

        6. Look over quizzes and exams you took earlier in that class. On many
           exams, you'll find questions are very similar to earlier quiz Q's.

        7. Prepare an outline of everything to be tested so you get an overview
           of the unit.

        8. Prepare a detailed study sheet for each part of your outline.

        9. Attempt to predict test questions and write practice answers.
 
       10. Set aside a list of questions to ask the teacher or a classmate.       

     
    B.  REVIEWING AND REMEMBERING TEST MATERIAL

        1. Begin reviewing early.  Don't wait until the day or night before.

        2. Whenever possible, relate the test material to your personal life 
           or to other subjects you are taking.

        3. Look for patterns of organization in the material you study 
           (cause/effect, comparison, chronological order, etc.).

        4. Use maps, lists, diagrams, acronyms, rhymes, or other memory aids.

        5. Use flash cards or note cards and review with them whenever you 
           have time.

        6. Recite material out loud whenever possible as you review.

        7. Skim the material in your textbooks & read the chapter and/or unit                                                                                                            
           summaries in the book.  Write down key words, ideas, & definitions.

        8. Study with others only after you have studied well by yourself.

        9. Test your knowledge of a subject by teaching or explaining it to 
           someone else.

       10. Review especially difficult material just before going to bed the
           night before the exam.

    C.  TAKING THE TEST

        1. Make sure you are ready for the test both mentally and physically.

        2. Check to see that you have all the materials you need for the test.

        3. Report to the room as quickly as possible on the day of the exam.

        4. Review especially difficult material right up to the test time.

        5. Listen carefully to the final instructions of the teacher...  
           How much time do you have to complete the test?  Do all the questions
           count equally?  Can you use any aids such as a dictionary or handbook
           or even your notes?  Maybe it's even an open book test!  Are there           
           any corrections, changes, or additions to the test?

        6. Begin the test immediately and watch the time carefully.

        7. Read the directions carefully, underlining or marking special
           instructions.

        8. Follow all special instructions like showing your work on math tests.

        9. Read all questions carefully, paying attention to words like 
           "always, only, all, and never."

       10. Answer the questions you are sure of first.

       11. Use context clues to help you with unfamiliar words.

       12. Use material on the test itself to help you answer more difficult
           questions.

       13. When being tested on long passages, read the questions BEFORE you 
           read the passage.

       14. Move on to the next question when you get stuck on a particular 
           question.  You might code each question you skip.  You can do this
           by writing a 3 next to very difficult questions, a 2 next to 
           difficult ones, and a 1 next to those you THINK you know the answers
           to.  After you've gone through all the questions, go back to the 
           1's first.   
     

  
            

        

 Tell me some information about Martin Luther King Junior. 

 Here's information which should help you.  Good luck.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-68) was an American clergyman and Nobel laureate, one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement and a prominent advocate of nonviolent resistance to racial oppression.

Education and Early Life
King was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929, the eldest son of Martin Luther King, Sr. (1899-1984), a Baptist minister, and Alberta Williams King (1904-74). He entered Morehouse College at the age of 15 and was ordained a Baptist minister at the age of 17. Graduating from Crozer Theological Seminary as class president in 1951, he then did postgraduate work at Boston University.

King's studies at Crozer and Boston led him to explore the works of the Indian nationalist Mohandas K. Gandhi, whose ideas became the core of his own philosophy of nonviolent protest. While in Boston, he met Coretta Scott (1927-) of Marion, Alabama. They were married in June 1953, and the following year King accepted an appointment as pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott
That same year the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed all segregated public education, and in the wake of that decision the segregated South was soon challenged in every area of public accommodation. In Montgomery, King, who had just received his Ph.D., organized a bus boycott (1955-56) to protest enforced racial segregation in public transportation. In the course of the 381-day action he was arrested and jailed, his home was bombed, and many threats were made against his life. The boycott ended with a mandate from the Supreme Court outlawing all segregated public transportation in the city.

The Montgomery boycott was a clear victory for nonviolent protest, and King emerged as a highly respected leader. Mindful of this, black clergymen from across the South organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), with King as its president.

Civil Rights Leadership
On a visit to India in 1959 King was able to work out more clearly his understanding of Satyagraha, Gandhi's principle of nonviolent persuasion, which he had determined to use as his main instrument of social protest. The next year he gave up his pastorate in Montgomery to become copastor (with his father) of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, a strategic move that enabled him to participate more effectively in the national leadership of the burgeoning civil rights movement.

At that time black leadership was undergoing a radical transformation. Having once focused on litigation and reconciliation, it was now demanding change ìby any means possible.î Differences of ideology and jurisdiction between the SCLC and other groups were inevitable, but King's prestige ensured that nonviolence, although not universally popular, remained the official mode of resistance. In 1963 he led a massive civil rights campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, and it was followed by major drives for black voter registration, desegregation, and better education and housing in the South. During these nonviolent campaigns he was arrested several times. In 1964 King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in the civil rights movement.

Broadening of Concerns
As time passed, King became increasingly sensitive to the variety of forms violence could take. Some could be blamed on politics, he thought, and should be dramatized with a massive march on Washington. It also became distressingly clear that scores of northern cities that had sent Freedom Riders and protest marchers to the South were themselves remiss in correcting racial discrimination. Finally, King believed that the war then raging in Vietnam poisoned the whole atmosphere and made the solution of local problems of human relations unrealistic.

On the last two issues, King's strategies were severely challenged. In Chicago, where his first major northern campaign was launched, he was publicly opposed by local black Baptists. There, too, his marchers were met by mobs of whites, armed with clubs and led by uniformed neo-Nazis and members of the Ku Klux Klan. As for the war in Vietnam, most blacks felt that their own problems were of such long standing that they deserved priority and that the black leadership should concentrate on fighting racial injustice at home. By early 1967, nevertheless, King had become associated with the antiwar movement and its national white leadership.

Assassination
Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.
King's subsequent preoccupation with Vietnam and his determination to lead a Poor People's March on Washington combined with shifting public priorities to challenge his leadership. He was near exhaustion from stress, and his speeches increasingly alluded to his possible death. He was undeterred, however, for as he put it on April 3, 1968, he had ìbeen to the mountain top and seen the Promised Land.î The following day he was shot and killed by a white assassin in Memphis, Tennessee. Some 100,000 people attended his funeral in Atlanta. Since 1986 the third Monday in January has been designated Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Birthday, a federal legal holiday.

 6-4y+(-7) 

 Hi,

We can simplify this expression by combining any "y" terms
and any numbers, so we have 6+-4y+(-7)...we can only combine
the numbers of 6(-7)=-1 to get -1+-4y

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what's 2 *645?
gilad 

 Dear Gilad,

2*645 is the same as 645*2 =645+645

So,  645
    +645
    -----
    1290

2*645=1290

We can also do the multiplication as

       645
      x  2
    --------

First multiply the 5 ones times 2, to get 10 ones, but 10 ones
is the same as 0 ones and 1 ten.  Write a 0 in the ones place
of  the  answer and remember the 1 ten.

Now multiply the 4 tens times 2 to get 8 tens, but we haven't
forgotten our other 1  ten, so we have 9 tens.  Write the 9
tens in the tens place of our answer.

Lastly, multiply 6 hundreds times two to get 12 hundreds, or
1 thousand and 2 hundreds...since we have no more digits  to
multiply write the thousand and the 2 hundreds in their
respective place in the answer.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What are the grades of beef??
 

 Dear Friend,
I suggest that this is the sort of question wher you should go and
interview somebody suitable to find the answer. I suggest that
you find a few butchers to interview. YOu could also find
a chef in a good meat restaurant and interview him oon the 
cuts or grades of beef used.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 what is President Jimmy Carter's middle name? 

 Earl

Happy Thansksgiving!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 A carpenter installs staircase in new homes.
He must use a concept of slope. What dimensions might change the slope of staircase and why? Also, are there any situations where there are any possible dangers for the user? Explain. 

 Hi,

First of all, do you know what slope?  It's the steepness
of a line...the case of our staircase, we will be looking
at the depth of the step and the height of the step.  The 
carpenter will need to make sure that the steps are deep enough
for the majority of people to put their foot on the step straight
Perhaps the depth of a Man's Size 12 shoe...you can measure one
to find out how many inches.  Then we need to find a height of
the step that's not too steep for children as we wouldn't want
them to fall in their own  home.  Most kids start learning how
to walk up/down steps around 18 months-2 years old.  So, a 
good step would be the heighest step that would be comfortable
for a 3 year old let's say.  The carpenter must take
these two dimensions into account as well as how much space
has been alloted in the house for constructing the steps...ie
how much floor space on the first floor and how high the steps
must go.  A carpenter may have to come up with stair cases that
start in one direction...have a landing then go in another
directions so the stair case won't be too steep for most people
to feel comfortable going up and down...the carpeneter wants
to create a staircase that has stairs large enough for people's
feet to fit comfortable, just high enough that you don't have to
step up/down too much with slope that you don't fear for your
life as you walk up and down the stairs.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 Name ten countries where rain forests exist 

 Dear Friend,
The best way to find this is to look at a map which
has the raiforests marked on it.
THe following internet site has a map and info about the
different countries with rain forests.SO you
will be able to make your own list.
Good luck and go to:
http://www.papcs.com/ms/worldmap.html
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 I am doing Greek mytholgy and my person
I am doing is Pegasus.Can you help me? 

 Pegasus, pronounced PEHG uh suhs, was an immortal winged horse in Greek mythology.  He was the offspring of Medusa, a monstrous, snake-haired woman, and Poseidon, god of horses and of the sea.  The hero Perseus slew Medusa by cutting off her head.  Pegasus sprang full-grown either from her head or neck, or from the blood from her neck.  

The hero Bellerophon wanted to tame Pegasus.  A prophet advised him to sleep on the altar of the goddess Athena.  There, Bellerophon dreamed that the goddess gave him a golden bridle and ordered him to make a sacrifice to Poseidon.  When he awoke, Bellerophon found a bridle on the altar.  He sacrificed a bull to Poseidon and later came upon Pegasus at a spring, waiting to be bridled.  

Bellerophon rode Pegasus on many adventures.  Their most famous feat was destroying the fire-breathing Chimera (see CHIMERA).  Bellerophon attempted to ride Pegasus up to Mount Olympus, the heavenly home of the gods.  Zeus, king of the gods, was angered by the mortal's presumption in attempting to reach the heavens.  Zeus sent a gadfly to sting Pegasus.  The horse bucked, throwing Bellerophon down to earth and permanently crippling him.  Pegasus arrived on Olympus without a rider.  The horse remained there, carrying Zeus's lightning and thunderbolts.  


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Dear Teacher,
     I am doing a reasearch project on Bar Harbor. I need to find out what are some of Bar Harbor's products,manufacturing,and farming in area.
                             Sincerely
                          ~Marie McClarie~
 

 I think you would do well to go to your librarian ask for help;
I didn't find anything on bar harbor although there is a 
Bal Harbour near Miami, Florida.  Where is the place you are referring to?

Online, maybe  www.altavista.com   can help, also, if you go to 
that site and type in the question.

Have a Happy Thanksgiving!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 A small round hill is sometimes called a WHAT? 

 a knoll or a mound

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 hi kiddo net teacher i was wondering if you could help me with a school project we've been given.The project(problem)is this we have to make a wind turbine/windmill or water wheel,and a labor saving device.
Please could you help me out of this problem(project)

        Thanks heaps jodie
            (person in need of help) 

 Dear Jodie,
Firstly you should try and read something
on energy produced from the wind or water
At this internet site you can find information on
wind energy and wind turbines
http://www.energy.ca.gov/education/story/story-html/chapter10.html

This is a site to help build a simple windmill
http://www.looklearnanddo.com/documents/sea_breeze_project.html

Here is a picture of a windmill which you could try to make 
a model of
http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/1001/windmill.htm
And this tells you about windmills and making models
http://www.sos.state.mi.us/history/museum/kidstuff/ruralmi/windmill.html

Labor saving devices are anything that makes work easier for us.
for example pushing heavy stuff in a wheel barrow instead of carrying it.
Wheelbarrow is a labor saving device.
Electrical devices like  a food processor are also labor saving devices.

Goodluck,
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 a group of eight-legged spiderwith a total of 48 legs is walking with a group of rabbits that haveatotal of 12 legs.How many animals are walking? 

 Hi,

The spiders have a total of 48 legs, and each spider has
8 legs, so 48/8 will tell us how many spiders we have...

48/8=6 since 6*8=48

We have 6 spiders.

Now, the rabbits  have a total of 12 legs, and each rabbit
has 4 legs, so 12/4 will tell us how many rabbits we have...

12/4=3 since 3*4=12

We have 3 rabbits.

So, we have a total of 9 animals.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what  is the first american? 

 The first Americans were the Native Americans who originally are thought to have come from Asia via the Bering Strait (Russia/Alaska) and down through what is now Canada and eventually south to America.

The first European Americans were the English settlers, although 
some say that Scandinavians came before that with Lief Erickson and the Vikings.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 which ocean is colder Artic or Antartic 

 They are both about the same; however, go to www.altavista.com to find out more.

Mike Online,
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Give me some information about Empire State Building?????? 

 Empire State Building is a famous landmark in New York City.  It was the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion and for many years afterward.  The 102-story building measures 1,250 feet (381 meters) from the sidewalk to the roof.  The Empire State Building is located on Fifth Avenue between 33rd Street and 34th Street.  

The architectural firm of Shreve, Lamb & Harmon designed the Empire State Building, which was completed in 1931.  It is a fine example of art deco, a sleek geometric style popular in the 1920's and 1930's.  The building rises in a series of steplike shapes called setbacks to a slender tower topped by a metal spire.  Panels of limestone and an alloy of chrome, nickel, and steel cover the skyscraper's riveted steel framework.  The construction is so strong that only two floors suffered serious damage when a bomber crashed into the 79th floor in 1945. 


Happy Thanksgiving and write again soon, please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 ok what are the 12 provdinces and the 2 territorries? 

 Yukon Territory; Northwest Territories

British Columbia
Alberta
Saskachewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
Newfoundland
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Prince Edward Islands

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is 40 times 10 

 Hi,

40x10 means 40+40+40+40+40+40+40+40+40+40=400

Whenever you multiply any number by 10, you just add a zero to
the end of the number.  So, 3x10=30 or 4x10=420

40x10=400

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What is 40 times 10 

 Hi,

40x10 means 40+40+40+40+40+40+40+40+40+40=400

Whenever you multiply any number by 10, you just add a zero to
the end of the number.  So, 3x10=30 or 4x10=420

40x10=400

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

 As far as religion is concerned, did Egyptians follow different types of religions? Or was there one specific religion that most of them believed in?

Did Rosa Parks have to go to jail? If so, how long did she spend in there?
 

 First Rosa Parks, then Egyptian ancient and modern religions:

Parks, Rosa Lee (1913-...), an African-American civil rights activist, is best known for her role in a 1955 boycott of the Montgomery, Ala., bus system.  Parks triggered the boycott when she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus.  Her action helped bring about the civil rights movement in the United States.  

Parks was arrested for violating a city law requiring that whites and blacks sit in separate rows on buses.  She refused to give up her seat in the middle of the bus when a white man wished to sit in her row.  The front rows were for whites only.  The law required blacks to leave their seats in the next rows when all seats in the front rows were taken and other whites still wanted seats.  

Even before Parks's arrest, Montgomery's black leaders had been discussing a protest against racial segregation on the city's buses.  Parks allowed the leaders to use her arrest to spark a boycott of the bus system.  The leaders formed an organization to run the boycott.  Martin Luther King, Jr.--then a Baptist minister in Montgomery--was chosen as president.  

For 382 days, from Dec. 5, 1955, to Dec. 20, 1956, thousands of blacks refused to ride Montgomery's buses.  Their boycott ended when the U.S. Supreme Court declared segregated seating on the city's buses unconstitutional.  The boycott's success encouraged other mass protests demanding civil rights for blacks.  

Parks was born in Tuskegee, Ala.  She attended Alabama State Teachers College.  She held a variety of jobs and, in 1943, became one of the first women to join the Montgomery Chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).  She served as the organization's secretary from 1943 to 1956. 

Parks lost her job as a seamstress as a result of the Montgomery boycott.  She moved to Detroit in 1957.  From 1967 to 1988, she worked on the Detroit staff of John Conyers, Jr., a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives.  In 1979, she won the Spingarn Medal for her work in civil rights.  She wrote an autobiography, Rosa Parks: My Story (1992).  

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Next: Egyptian religions.

                    MYTHOLOGY/Egyptian mythology 

The Nile River plays an important part in Egyptian mythology.  As the Nile flows northward through Egypt, it creates a narrow ribbon of fertile land in the midst of a great desert.  The sharp contrast between the fertility along the Nile and the wasteland of the desert became a basic theme of Egyptian mythology.  The creatures that live in the Nile or along its banks became linked with many gods and goddesses.  

The Great Ennead.  The earliest information we have about Egyptian mythology comes from hieroglyphics (picture writings) on the walls of tombs, such as the burial chambers in pyramids.  These "pyramid texts" and other documents tell us that from about 3200 to 2250 B.C. the Egyptians believed in a family of nine gods.  This family became known as the Great Ennead, from the Greek word ennea, meaning nine.  The nine gods of the Great Ennead were Atum, Shu and Tefnut, Geb and Nut, Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, and Horus.  

The term Ennead later came to include other deities as well.  One of these deities was Nun, who symbolized a great ocean that existed before the creation of the earth and the heavens.  Another of these deities was the sun god, called Re or Ra.  The Egyptians considered Re both the ruler of the world and the first divine pharaoh.  

The first god of the Great Ennead was Atum.  He was sometimes identified with the setting sun.  Atum also represented the source of all gods and all living things.  Re created a pair of twins, Shu and his sister, Tefnut.  Shu was god of the air, which existed between the sky and the earth.  Tefnut was goddess of the dew.  Shu and Tefnut married and also produced twins, Geb and his sister, Nut.  Geb was the earth god and the pharaoh of Egypt.  Nut represented the heavens.  Geb and Nut married, but the sun god Re opposed the match and ordered their father, Shu, to raise Nut away from Geb into the sky.  Shu's action separated the heavens from the earth.  Nut had speckles on her body, and the speckles became the stars.  

The Osiris myth.  In spite of their separation, Geb and Nut had several children.  These included three of the most important divinities in Egyptian mythology--Osiris, Isis, and Seth.  

Originally, Osiris may have been god of vegetation, especially of the plants that grew on the rich land along the Nile.  The goddess Isis may have represented female fertility.  Seth was god of the desert, where vegetation withers and dies from lack of water.  

Geb retired to heaven.  Osiris then became pharaoh and took Isis as his queen.  Seth grew jealous of Osiris' position and killed him.  In some versions of this myth, Seth cut Osiris' body into pieces, stuffed the pieces into a box, and set the box afloat on the Nile.  Isis refused to accept her husband's death as final.  She searched for Osiris' remains with the aid of her sister Nephthys and several other gods and goddesses.  Isis finally found the remains of Osiris.  With the help of other divinities, she put the body together, restoring Osiris to life.  Osiris then became god of the afterlife.  

Seth had become pharaoh of Egypt after killing Osiris.  But Horus, son of Osiris and Isis, then overthrew Seth and became pharaoh.  Thus, the forces of vegetation and creation--symbolized by Osiris, Isis, and Horus--triumphed over the evil forces of the desert, symbolized by Seth.  But more important, Osiris had cheated death.  The Egyptians believed that if Osiris could triumph over death, so could human beings.  

Other Egyptian divinities included Hathor, Horus' wife; Anubis; Ptah; and Thoth.  Hathor became the protector of everything feminine.  Anubis escorted the dead to the entrance of the afterworld and helped restore Osiris to life.  The Egyptians also believed that Anubis invented their elaborate funeral rituals and burial procedures.  Ptah invented the arts.  Thoth invented writing and magical rituals.  He also helped bring Osiris back to life.  

Many animals appear in Egyptian mythology.  The falcon was sacred to Horus.  The scarab, or dung beetle, symbolized Re (see SCARAB).  The Egyptians considered both the cat and the crocodile as divine.  

Between 1554 and 1070 B.C., various local divinities became well known throughout ancient Egypt.  Some of them became as important as the gods and goddesses of the Ennead.  The greatest of these gods was Amon.  His cult (group of worshipers) originally centered in Thebes.  In time, Amon became identified with Re, and was frequently known as Amon-Re.  Amon-Re became perhaps the most important Egyptian divinity.  

The influence of Egyptian mythology.  The divinities of ancient Egypt and the myths about them had great influence on the mythologies of many later civilizations.  Egyptian religious ideas may also have strongly affected the development of Judaism and Christianity.  

During the 1300's B.C., the pharaoh Amenhotep IV chose Aton as the only god of Egypt.  Aton had been a little-known god worshiped in Thebes.  Amenhotep was so devoted to the worship of Aton that he changed his own name to Akhenaton.  The Egyptians stopped worshiping Aton after Akhenaton died.  However, some scholars believe the worship of this one divinity lingered among the people of Israel, who had settled in Egypt, and became an important part of the religion that was developed by the Israelite leader Moses.  These scholars have suggested that the Jewish and Christian belief in one God may come from the cult of Aton.  

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Modern Times @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Islam is the official religion of Egypt.  About 90 per cent of the Egyptian people are Muslims--followers of Islam.  Almost all of them follow the Sunni, or orthodox, branch of Islam.  Coptic Christians make up the largest religious minority group in Egypt.  

Islam influences many aspects of life in Egypt.  Religious duties include praying five times a day, almsgiving (giving money or goods to the poor), fasting, and, if possible, making a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the sacred city of Islam.  Muslim traditions also affect government and law.  For example, the government collects contributions from the wealthy and gives the money to the poor to fulfill the almsgiving requirement of Islam.  

The government officially controls Islam in Egypt, and it appoints major Muslim religious leaders.  In villages and city neighborhoods, some Muslims form brotherhoods and hold festivals and ceremonies outside of official control.  Some of these groups use force in opposing the government and its religious leaders, whom they view as corrupted by non-Islamic values.  

By law, Coptic Christians and other religious minorities may worship freely.  But some Muslim groups have committed acts of violence against the Coptic community in Cairo and in parts of southern Egypt.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is 10-28
 

 Hi,

Typically in 4th grade, you know about numbers like 0,1,2,3,4...
and perhaps fractions and decimals.  Without the tool of
negative numbers, it's impossible take 28 away from the smaller
number of 10.  If you have heard of negative numbers, than
post your question again stating I know about negative numbers,
okay?  It is exactly questions like this that motivate the
use of negative numbers.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 how do you solve agrebra equations 

 HI,

I don't know exactly what kind of equation you had in mind.  Do you have a more specific question?

I'll do a few sample equations, but really are not sure if this is what you thought.

Fill in the blanks in each equation.

   x+6=15

This question is asking you what do you have to add to the number 6 to get the number 15.  You can simply count from 6 to 16... 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15.  There are 9 numbers in that list, so 9+6=15.  Or you can figure what goes in the blank by
subtracting 6 from both sides of the equation.

    x +6 - 6 =15-6
   
   x  = 9

Our answer is 9!!!


  
   18-x=10

This question is asking you want do you have to subtract from the number 18 to get 10.  This time we can count down from 18 to 10....17,16,15,14,13,12,11,10.  There are 8 numbers in that list, so 18-8=10. 

  x - 7=8

In this question, we need to figure what number when we take away 7 from it we get 8.  So, we'll start at 8 and count up 7....9,10,11,12,13,14,15.  Our last number is 15.  Is 15-7 in fact  equal to 8?  Yes!!! so 15-7=8. Or we could add 7 to
both sides of the equation to reverse the subtraction of 7.

 x-7+7=8+7

 x = 15
 
    5x =50

This question is asking us what do we mutiply 5 by in order
to get 50.  To figure this out, we divide both sides by 5 to
reverse the multiplying by 5.

   5x/5=50/5
   x= 50/5
   x =10

Let's look at the example 

     x
   ---- = 7
     4

We want to know what number when I divide it by 4 will give
7, so we can reverse the dividing by 4 by multiplying both
sides by 4.

     x
    ---*4=7*4
     4

     x=7*4

     x=28

Now, let's look at some two step equations:

     3x+5=26

First we multiplied it by 3 and then we add 5 to the
product.  The reverse process of doing this would be to subtract
5 and then divide by 3.  So, that is exactly what we do to
solve this equation.

Let's subtract 5 from both sides.

3x +5-5=26 -5

3x=26-5

3x=21

Now let's divide both sides by 3

3x/3=21/3

x=21/3

x=7

Let's try an example like

       (x-3)
       ----- = 8
         9
In the expression on the left, we first subtracted 3 from x
and the divided the difference by 9.  The reverse process
would be to multply both sides by 9 and then add 3.

So, let's multiply both sides by 9.


       (x-3)
       ----- *9 = 8*9
         9

x-3=8*9

x-3=72

Now we add three to both sides,

x-3+3=72+3

x=72+3

x=75

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 how do you solve word problems?
 

 Hi,

There are so many different kinds of word problems, that
the best way for me to help you would be for you to post
specific ones from your class work or your homework.

In general:

1.  read the question
2.  make a listing of all important information
3.  figure out how the information relates to one another
4.  write an equation that expresses this relationship
5.  solve the equation
6.  check to see if your answer makes sense

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How do you solve word problems? 

 Hi,

There are so many different kinds of word problems, that
the best way for me to help you would be for you to post
specific ones from your class work or your homework.

In general:

1.  read the question
2.  make a listing of all important information
3.  figure out how the information relates to one another
4.  write an equation that expresses this relationship
5.  solve the equation
6.  check to see if your answer makes sense

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How do you do divisions? 

 Hi,

Division is the reverse of multiplication.

To figure 16/2 out, you ask yourself what do I multiply 2 by to get 16 as an answer.

If you don't know the answer to that right away, you try figuring it out.

2x2=4  not it!!!
2x3=6  not it!!!
2x4=8  not it!!!
2x5=10 not it!!!
2x6=12 not it!!!
2x7=14 not it!!!
2x8=16  YEAH!!!

Since 2x8=16, then 16/2 is 8.

To learn division it's very helpful to know your multiplication tables well.

Let's try another example of 72 divided by 4.

To write 72 divided by 4 or 4 into 72,  
             ____
we write   4|72


Now, does 4 go into the 7?  Yes!!! 
How many times does 4 go into 7?  1 time

                       1_
So, we write  4|72 

Now, we multiply the 4x1=4, and write that 4 right below the seven and subtract.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              3

Now, we bring down the 2.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32

Once we do that we ask ourselves does 4 go into 32?  Yes?

How many times?  8

So, we write the 8 above the 2 in the number 72.


              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32


Now, we multipy the 4X8=32, and write that 32 right below the 32 and subtract.

              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32
             -32
             ----
               0

You should always do a check to make sure your answer is correct.  Is 4*18=72?

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What did pilgrims really where 

 Obviously, they dressed for the season and conservatively, since they were very moralistic as far as not tempting others by their physical attributes.  The black outfits were for special occasions, like church. 

Outside of what they brought from England, they made their own clothes and to keep warm, furs and animal skin coats.  There was 
some trading with the Native Americans.   

For more information, type PILGRIMS in at the KiddoNet Homework 
Helper ENCYCLOPEDIA link   and/or  at   www.altavista.com
A library encyclopedia would also have illustrations and would a 
historical museum. 

Mike Online 
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper 

 what is 43+65+29 

 Hi,

We write this vertically as

         43
         65
        +29
        ----
 
First we add the ones digits, namely 3+5+9=17 ones, or 1 ten
and 7 ones.  We write the 7 in the ones place of our answer
and carry the 1 ten to the tens column.


         1
         43
         65
        +29
        ----
          7

Now, let's add the tens column, 1+4+6+2=13 tens or 1 hundred
and 3 tens, we write these digits in their respective place
in the answer.


         43
         65
        +29
        ----
        137

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher
 

 What do you know about weighted averages? 

 Hi,

In principal, a weighted average works the same as a regular
average...you need to take the sum of ALL the value and divide
by the number of them.

Let's say you are told there is a test with scores,

40, 60, 70, 80 (6 scores), 90

We wouldn't just add these scores  since really there are

40, 60, 70, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 90

These scores we would add together and then divide by 10 since
there are 10 distinct data points [but 6 just happen to be the
same]...if we don't want to have to write the 80's 6 times,
we can think of it as

40 +60 +70 +80*6 +90  the 80 being weighted now
--------------------
       10

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what was the first permanent European settlement in North America? 

 Jamestown

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 WHAT WAS SO IMPORTANT WITH THE BAY OF PIGS INVASION AND THE CUBAN MISSLE CRISES?
DO YOU THINK THERE IS ENOUGH INFORMATION ON THIS TOPIC ALONE IN WHICH I CAN WRITE WHICH WILL BE MORE THAN 1500 WORDS BUT LESS THAN 2500 WORDS? IF SO WHAT WOULD BE A EASY TO MAKE BUT INTRESTING VISUAL PROJECT THAT WILL GIVE ME A GOOD GRADE? DOES THE TOPIC OF THE CUBAN MISSLE CHRISES WOULD FALL UNDER THE TOPIC OF "US TURING POINTS"  

 Here is some information on your topic and also some political 
background, starting with the Cuban leader who Fidel Castro overthrew and then the Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missle Crisis.

You can get more information (more detail) by going to 
www.altavista.com   and typing in your topics.  

Meanwhile, this should help.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

The Batista era.  Batista forced Grau to resign from office in 1934.  Until 1940, Batista ruled Cuba as dictator through presidents who served in name only.  The United States recognized and supported Batista's government.  In 1934, the United States and Cuba signed a treaty that canceled the Platt Amendment, except for the Guantanamo Bay lease.  United States investments in Cuba continued to expand during the 1940's and 1950's.  For example, American interests eventually controlled more than 90 percent of Cuba's telephone and electrical services and about 40 percent of its sugar production.  The United States also continued to be Cuba's most important trading partner.  

In 1940, Cubans adopted a new constitution and elected Batista president.  The Constitution prevented Batista from seeking reelection in 1944, and Grau became president again.  Carlos Prio Socarras won the 1948 election.  

In 1952, Batista overthrew Prio's government and be-came dictator again.  Batista stressed the development of light industry and encouraged foreign companies to build businesses in Cuba.  He also improved public works.  But many Cubans remained unemployed and in poverty, and political conflict expanded across the island.  Strikes and demonstrations became common.  

The Castro revolution.  On July 26, 1953, Fidel Castro, a young lawyer, tried to start a revolution against Batista by attacking the Moncada army barracks in Santiago de Cuba.  Castro was captured and imprisoned.  Many of his followers were either imprisoned or murdered.  Castro was released from prison in 1955 and went to Mexico.  In 1956, he organized the 26th of July Movement, which was named after the date of his first revolt.  Castro's forces landed in Oriente Province in December 1956.  Most of the rebels were imprisoned or killed.  However, Castro and about a dozen of his followers escaped to the Sierra Maestra.  

In 1957, Castro's forces began to wage a guerrilla war against the Cuban government.  The same year, university students stormed the presidential palace in an attempt to assassinate Batista.  Attempts by the government to crush the revolution increased the people's support of the rebels.  Continued poor economic conditions also led to growing support for the rebels, particularly among workers, peasants, students, and the middle class.  By mid1958, Batista's government had lost the support and confidence of both the United States and the Cubans.  

On Jan. 1, 1959, Batista fled the country.  Castro's forces then took control of the government.  Later, Castro became prime minister of Cuba.  The revolutionary leaders did away with the political and military structure of Batista's government.  Many former political officials and military officers were tried and executed.  A large number of middle- and upper-class Cubans went into exile in Florida.  

The new Cuban government immediately set out to change Cuban relations with the United States.  In particular, it sought to reduce U.S. influence on Cuban national affairs.  In 1960, for example, the Cuban government seized U.S.-owned businesses, including sugar estates.  As a result, relations between Cuba and the United States quickly became strained.  

As relations with the United States declined, Cuba developed stronger ties with the Soviet Union and became a Communist country.  In early 1960, Castro's government signed a broad economic pact with the Soviet Union.  

In June 1960, the Castro government took over American and British oil refineries in Cuba after the refineries refused to process crude oil imported from the Soviet Union.  The United States then stopped buying sugar from Cuba.  Over the next few months, the Castro government took over all the remaining American businesses in Cuba and accepted Soviet military assistance.  In October, the United States placed an economic embargo on Cuba, which banned all U.S. exports except medicines and some food products.  In January 1961, the United States ended diplomatic relations with Cuba.  

The Bay of Pigs invasion.  In April 1961, Cuban exiles sponsored by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast.  Castro's forces crushed the invasion and captured most of the exiles.  Castro later released many of the exiles to the United States in exchange for nonmilitary supplies.  

The Cuban missile crisis.  Cuban leaders feared another direct U.S. invasion.  The Soviet Union offered military aid to Cuba, and Cuba agreed to let the Soviet Union send missiles and materials to build launch sites.  In October 1962, the United States learned that Cuba had nuclear missiles in place that could be launched toward American cities.  President John F. Kennedy ordered a naval blockade to halt the further shipment of arms.  He demanded that the Soviet Union remove all missiles from the island and dismantle the remaining missile bases.  For several days, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war.  Finally, the Soviet Union removed the weapons under protest from Castro.  The Soviet action came after Kennedy privately agreed not to invade Cuba.  Kennedy also agreed to remove U.S. nuclear missiles from Turkey, which the Soviets considered to be a threat.  

 Where does oxgen come from? 

 Dear Friend,
Oxygen is a colorless gas which is found in the
air (in our atmosphere)
Plants also produce Oxygen and pass it out into the atmosphere, 
when they live and produce their food (photosynthesis),
Oxygen is also found as as part of
different rock and mineral substances,
in what we call Oxygen compounds.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 how many cells are there in the human body ?
 

 Dear Friend,
The number of cells that are in the body is far to
great to count. There are billions of cells.
Ingrid, Your Science helper

 My teacher gave me a homework that is about some words I have to find the definitions of sioux,pueblo,and Iroquis. 

 These are all Native American Indian tribes & can be found in the 
KiddoNet Homework Helper ENCYCLOPEDIA link. 


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is a lyched? all i know is that it is a kind of furit that you can eat
 

 Dear Friend,
A lychee is a tropical fruit which has a hard brown/red,bumpy
and brittle shell on the outside. When
We peel it the fruit inside is soft but firm, 
white and a bit juicy.
If you go to this site you will see pictures of lychees
http://www.lychee.com/lychee.html

Here is some info I got for you off the internet
"The lychee (Litchi chinensis) and its relatives
are some of the finest fruit from South East Asia.
Although closely related, the ecological
requirements of the fruit differ. The lychee is the
most popular Chinese fruit, and is extensively
grown in the sub-tropical south east, where it has been
cultivated for well over a thousand years. The fruit
originated either there, or in the ancient kingdom of
Annam which is now central Vietnam."

Ingrid, Your Science helper 

 find the gcf  75,90 

 Hi,

The gcf is the greatest common factor between 75 and 90.

To find that, let's first prime factor the two numbers.

75=3*25=3*5*5

90=2*45=2*3*15=2*3*3*5

So, 75=3*5*5 while 90=2*3*3*5

Which factors and how many times do 75 and 90 have these factors
in common?

3 and 5 one time each so the gcf is 3*5=15

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 In the last olympics the united states mile relay team ha dthe following times for the four men who ran the race:
1st man:49.42sec.
2nd man:48.36sec.
3rd man:47.98sec.
4th man:48.20sec.
what was the total time,rounded off to the nearest tenth of a second? 

 Hi,

To figure out the total time, we first must add the times:

   49.42
   48.36
   47.98
 + 48.20
----------

First let's add the hundredths digits, namely 2+6+8=16 hundredths
or 1 tenth and 6 hundredths.

      1
   49.42
   48.36
   47.98
 + 48.20
----------
       6

Now, let's add the TENTHS digits, namely 1+4+3+9+2=19 tenths
or 1 one and 9 tenths.


    1 1
   49.42
   48.36
   47.98
 + 48.20
----------
     .96

Now, let's add the ones, namely 1+9+8+7+8=33 ones or 3 tens
and 3 ones.


   31 1
   49.42
   48.36
   47.98
 + 48.20
----------
    3.96

Now, let's add the tens, namely 3+4+4+4+4=19 tens or 1 hundred
and 9 tens.


   31 1
   49.42
   48.36
   47.98
 + 48.20
----------
  193.96

Now, to round this to the nearest TENTH, we look in the
 HUNDREDTHS place. We have a 6, so we must round UP in the
tenths place by adding another digit...to add another TENTH
to the TENTHS place would give us 10 TENTHS or 1 one and 0 tenths.

So, we have 194.0

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what is the difference between lie and lay
 

 Lay  means to place.  Lay is a transitive verb.

I LAY the cigar down today. I LAID it down yesterday. I had LAID
it down before.

Lie  means to recline.  Lie is an intransitive verb.

The mutt LIES down. It LAY down yesterday.  It has LAIN down before.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 WHY DID PEOPLE HAVE TO TRAVEL TO THE COUTY SEAT. 

 To register land deeds, go to court, get married or divorced,
and do other legal things.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Is there an easier way to figure out which words are
nouns and which are verbs.
 

 Nouns are people, places, things and ideas.

Joe, Chicago, tree, love

Verbs show action and are used with nouns to help make sentences.
Verbs indicate what nouns do.

I JUMPED when I SAW the snake.
Dad LOVES you.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what science fiction novel first used the term cyber? 

 Not sure.  Maybe something by Vonnegut but I'd suggest you go to
www.altavista.com  and ask.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 why is the sky blue? 

 Dear Friend,
The sky is not empty but full of  larger particles like dust and smaller ones (in the form of countless molecules. )
When white light hits the molecules instead of travelling straight on ,it is bounced back, sort of like a reflection. 
We call this scattering.
 The scattered light waves have different wave  lengths of different colors from which it is made. 
The first wave lengths to be scattered in the bright day light are the blue light waves.
These blue light waves come to our eye first.
 SO the sky seems blue to us.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 How do I figure out the perimeter of a rectangle that has one side of 3 feet and one side of 2 feet and I don't know the other sides?


 

 Hi,

In a rectangle, opposite sides  have the same lengths.

So,

         3
       ------
      |      |
      |      |  2
       ------
      

The side opposite 3 is also 3, and the side opposite 2 is
also  2...


         3
       ------
     2|      |
      |      |  2
       ------
         3

Perimeter=2+2+3+3=10

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher
      

 8+8= 

 Hi,

8+8=16

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what is the antonym of hidden and happy
 

 There are many antonyms for these two words: 

For example, hidden=found
			 happy=gloomy

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 if thete are 31 days in dec. and there are 7 
days in a week.how many weeks are in dec.?
thank you RANDIMOSS84 

 Hi,

If in each week there are 7 days, then in 1 week there are
7 days, 2 weeks 2x7=7+7=14 days, in 3 weeks 3x7=7+7+7=21 days
in 4 weeks 4x7=7+7+7+7=28 and in 5 weeks 5x7=7+7+7+7+7=35

So, in the month of December there are 4 full weeks, 28 days
total with three days left over.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 angles 

 Hi,

What would you like to know about angles:

We have right angles which are 90 degrees.

We have acute angles which are strictly between 0 and 90 degrees.

We have obtuse angles which are strictly between 90 and 180 
degrees.

Complementary angles are two angles whose sum is exactly 90
degrees.

Supplementary angles are two angles whose sum is exactly
180 degrees.

If you have further questions about angles, please post
them to the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need to have a story about why a group of geese are called a "gaggle" 

 One definition of gaggle is: a group of noisy or talkative people.

Maybe you can write a story about a group of geese that gossiped 
too much and eventually had to wear a gag, or as a group they wore
gaggles.  You invent the gossip part, okay.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how could I get more information on the planet Pluto? 

 Dear Friend,
The best thing would to be to go to the cool  interne 
site called Star CHild. YOu can reach it by going ot the Kiddonet help Section.
Then you need to go to the Science Subjects area, and choose space
by clicking on it. The two sites you get are both good to hst
pictures and explanations about your planeet-Pluto,
Ingrid, Your Science Helper.

 I froget.What are prime numbers??? 

 Hi,

Prime numbers are numbers whose factors are only 1 and itself.

The prime numbers are ,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29, etc

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need help with spelling abc order. 

 Please check a dictionary for the proper order in alphabetizing.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Why diversity and friendship important to me?
Please give me clear information....
THankyou... 

 You are asking about an essay topic, I guess.  The topic is
very personal, really, so I really can't speak for you except to 
say that both are important: DIVERSITY because it enriches your 
mind by presenting you with a picture of what the world really 
contains, an immense diversity of people, each with cultural and
other differences but with common needs of love, security, and 
so on;  and FRIENDSHIP because it teaches us to share and trust 
others and assuage loneliness, which makes us happy and usually if
we are happy, we are kinder to others and to ourselves, which is 
alot of what life is about, I'd say: loving and accepting others 
into our lives.  Do you agree?  

If you are writing an essay, you must give specific examples of
how diversity and friendship are important. Maybe a situation 
that proved you really had a "true" friendship with someone 
from a different ethnic background from yours.  If you can't think
of a true situation, then present a hypothetical situation but make
it sound realistic and use the 5 W's in your example: 
(who, what, where, when, and why important).

There's also a kind of holiday goodness feeling to this question 
that you may want to bring into your discussion.  Maybe a group 
of people become friends sharing Chanukah, Christmas, and Ramadan.
But again, GIVE DETAILS, or your teacher will say "vague" and
not give you the grade you are capable of.  

When you're finished writing a draft, look it over for mistakes and
try to make your writing stand out.  If you want we have a mini-
lesson on writing persuasive essays, just write me where you wrote 
this and I'll email it to you within a day or so.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helepr

 do you know how i could get so infromation about england for my S.S.
 

 I can get you pages of information on English, but your best bet
is to go to www.kiddonet.com and our Homework Helper 
ENCYCLOPEDIA and type in England.  Then scroll down and copy what
you think you need, please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 dear teacher i'v had help from ya before &it was great well at my school(Turner elem.)we do a mountain language sheet we check five aday &there are 20 it has to be done by the end of the week &it has a problem like steack is to cattle as porkchop is to______?&it know how to do that but i cannot figure it out i'v thought about how steack comes from deer,elk,ect.but i connot find how porkchop is ,but i think it is pigs but i dunno what that is called
                    kelly.
  p.s i need it before the day is over so today is 12-6-99 i need it TODAY!!! 

 Steak is to cattle as porkchop is to swine (or pig)
because steak is meat from a cow, or cattle nd porchop is meat from
a pig; that the analogy.  
Give me more if you need help and include your email in the 
information for a faster answer, please.



Mike ONline
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what does brachiosaurus mean? 

 Dear Friend

Brachiosaurus is a dinosaur.
 Brachio means "arm"
saurus means "lizard".
So the "brachiosaurus" is "arm lizard"
It is called this because
 it has arms which are longer than its legs.
Have a look at is picture and
more cool info at an internet site.
Check out the length of its fron legs (its arms)
and compare them to its back legs.
Here is the address of the internet site.
http://www.usps.gov/kids/stompfeature3.html

And here is a cool activity sheet which you
can print out and then color in.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/activities/checklist/Brachactivity.shtml

 I have to make a question but the question can't have an answer. And thats kind of hard to me so I need help. 

 
When is the Messiah coming?
When will all types of cancer be cured?
What street will I be on January 1st, 2006, at 10:00 a.m.?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 List six ways immigrants add to the richness
of our nation? 

 This is probably in your textbook but here are some reasons you 
may like:

1. Provide skills in many areas (scientists, musicians, doctors
and so on.  Each area of expertise could be an area of richness; 
for example, many musicians are Russian immigrants, scientist 
may be Japanese immigrants or whatever, and so on. (Einstein was
an immigrant, for example: a Jew fleeing the Nazis.)

2. They keep the idea of the melting pot alive: that America
is a place where there is a rich blend of ideas but immigrant 
cultures can be maintained.

3. They make us tolerant of those we don't understand, which is
a morally right thing to be.

4. They stengthen the economic base because most immigrants 
contribute to the GNP.

5. They show the world that America is worth sacrifice to come to.

6. Their coming helps us to help others who may need a lot of 
help, especially when these immigrants first arrive. 

Mike Cohen 
Your Kiddonet Homework Helper 

 I have a problem i dont understand what capitalism,utopian socialism,and communism. Can you help me? 

 This should be in your textbook - the definitions or use a 
dictionary, please.  If you need more help, please go to 
www.kiddonet.com ENCYCLOPEDIA at Homework Helper and type in 
capitalism;  then socialism,  then communism and compare the three
systems.  Type in each word and wait for information.

Write again, please, if your research is NOT successful. Good luck.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 I need help on math because I have tofined something for 7s 8s 9s 10s 11s and 12s. 

 Hi,

For me to be able to help you, I need to know what topic you
are studying that you need to find "something" for 7-12's.

Are you looking for a multiplication table?

If so, here is one...

      |  2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12
  -------------------------------------------------
    2 |  4   6   8  10  12  14  16  18  20  22  24

    3 |  6   9  12  15  18  21  24  27  30  33  36
    
    4 |  8  12  16  20  24  28  32  36  40  44  48
    
    5 | 10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60
    
    6 | 12  18  24  30  36  42  48  54  60  66  72

    7 | 14  21  28  35  42  49  56  63  70  77  84
   
    8 | 16  24  32  40  48  56  64  72  80  88  96
    
    9 | 18  27  36  45  54  63  72  81  90  99 108

   10 | 20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100 110 120

   11 | 22  33  44  55  66  77  88  99 110 121 132

   12 | 24  36  48  60  72  84  96 108 120 132 144

If you had something else in mind, please post a clarification
to this question to the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher Board.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what is there about electricty and why do we learn it 

 Dear Friend,
You dont say what it is that you need to know about electricity.
Send a question again explaining exactly what you want to know.
Why we learn it is an easy question.
Electricity is extremely important in our lives. Just think of all the appliances you have used today from the moment you woke up.Such as switching on the light bulb, using your computer,
and the TV. They all use electricity.
So we have to learn what exactly electricity is and how we can produce it.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 What's a molecule? 

 Dear Friend,
A molecule is a unit or a building block of  a compounds.It is the smallest part of any compound.
A molecule is made up always of two or more atoms which are held closely together by a chemical bond.
The two atoms are sometimes the same in a molecule, such as in a molecule of Oxygen gas , which has 2 O atoms, or Ozone which has 3 oxygen atoms.
More often the atoms are different, as in water , which has 
two hydrogen and one Oxygen atom.
Ingrid, Your Science helper.

 what is a consonant? 

 The letters a-e-i-o-u are called vowels; all other letters of the 
English alphabet are called consonants. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Tommy's mom have 54 apples.  She wants to split them up for 9 people.  How many will each get? 

 Hi,

Let's use * to represent apples:

The following row will represent the 9 people, and we'll
continually pass out the 54 apples consecutively until
we have no more:

1     2     3     4     5    6    7    8    9
*     *     *     *     *    *    *    *    *
*     *     *     *     *    *    *    *    *
*     *     *     *     *    *    *    *    *
*     *     *     *     *    *    *    *    *
*     *     *     *     *    *    *    *    *
*     *     *     *     *    *    *    *    *

So, each person gets 6 apples...another way to do this problem
is take 54 apples divided by 9 people to get 6 apples per person.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 why  do we   have   to  do hard   work 

 Dear Friend,
          So that we can succeed in our life we
have to also do hard work. But many times
hard work can also be fun!
If you have any sicence questions,you are welcome to ask me
Ingrid, Your Science helper

 where is taiwan? 

 It's an island Northeast of Hong Kong, China.  It's capital is
Tapei.  It's also North of the Philippines and South of Japan.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Is there another possible answer for the problem, (-2p to the 6th power)2nd power, other than -2p to the 30th power? 

 Hi,

I understood your question as 

    [(-2p)^6]^2

If that is so, then this becomes [(-2p)^6]*[(-2p)^6]

When you multiply together quanitities with the same base, then
you add exponents, so we have


(-2p)^12

We could also break this up as 
(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)*(-2p)

Since we can reorder multiplication by the commutative property,
this becomes
 -2*-2*-2*-2*-2*-2*-2*-2*-2*-2*-2*-2*-2*p*p*p*p*p*p*p*p*p*p*p*p

But by definitions of exponenets, that's (-2)^12*p^12

Since (-2)^12=4096, it our answer becomes 4096p^12

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Why do mexicans make God eyes. 

 I guess for a craft but probably the colors are significant as 
they are wrapped around.  Maybe ask a Mexican or go to 
www.altavista.com   and type in the words God's eye.  Of course,
you could take the term literally and say its a personal idea of 
what God's eye looks like if God had physical traits.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what dose this mean?

   "In a time of turbulence and change it is more true than ever that knowledge is powful"

                            John F. Kennedy 

 What you learn and understand well can never be taken away from 
you: KNOWLEDGE IS POWER.  NOONE CAN DISARM YOUR MIND.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 It tok Michal about 3 weeks to read a 400-page book. About how many pages did he read each day? Explain your answer. 

 Hi,

In one week there are 7 days, so in three weeks there are
21 days.  If we assume Michal read a little each day, then
we would do 400/21 to figure out how many pages Michal
read each day.

     __19___
   21|400
     -21
     ---
      190
     -189
     ----
        1

Michal read 19 pages a day on average, with one day reading
20.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 Where can i find information on the galapagos sea lion? 

 ear Friend,
You cn find some information that you need at this site:
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jaap/slions.htm#galapagos

Here are some pictures and a bit of info from the Birmingham Xoo
http://www.birminghamzoo.com/galapagos/sealion.htm
ANd here a picture of a mom and her pup
http://www.lumigenic.com/photo/pages/176L29.bio.html

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 What is the adverage height in inches that the water rises per hour, when there is a ful moon? 

 Dear Friend,
There are many things which effect the height of water
 that rises when there is a full moon.So it is rather difficult
to say that there is an average.
When there is a full moon there are often very high tides.
Here are some examples of the heights of the highest tiides in 
specific places.(Taken from Comptons On-Line Encyclopedia"
The highest tide in
 New York Harbor is about 5 1/2 feet (1.7 meters). In
Boston (Mass.) Harbor the water rises as much as 11
 feet (3 meters). In the Bay of Fundy, between New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada, the tide can rise
53 1/2 feet (16.3 meters) from low water, and even
 more during exceptional storm conditions. 

For  cool info about tides go to the following site.
http://www.EnchantedLearning.com/subjects/astronomy/moon/Tides.shtml

Good Luck,
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 what are the differences between arrid China and humid China?
 

 Arrid means dry and the Gobi desert is that.  Humid, or wetter
China is the greener parts on a map of China that shows climates.
Please check a world atlas.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Hello i'm Antonisha Knott, and i was wondering if you can help me with my homework.My homework is on Equations


Please help me!!!!!!!!! 

 Dear Antonisha Knott,

I don't know exactly what kind of equation you had in mind.  Do you have a more specific question?

I'll do a few sample equations, but really are not sure if this is what you thought.

Fill in the blanks in each equation.

   x+6=15

This question is asking you what do you have to add to the number 6 to get the number 15.  You can simply count from 6 to 16... 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15.  There are 9 numbers in that list, so 9+6=15.  Or you can figure what goes in the blank by
subtracting 6 from both sides of the equation.

    x +6 - 6 =15-6
   
   x  = 9

Our answer is 9!!!


  
   18-x=10

This question is asking you want do you have to subtract from the number 18 to get 10.  This time we can count down from 18 to 10....17,16,15,14,13,12,11,10.  There are 8 numbers in that list, so 18-8=10. 

  x - 7=8

In this question, we need to figure what number when we take away 7 from it we get 8.  So, we'll start at 8 and count up 7....9,10,11,12,13,14,15.  Our last number is 15.  Is 15-7 in fact  equal to 8?  Yes!!! so 15-7=8. Or we could add 7 to
both sides of the equation to reverse the subtraction of 7.

 x-7+7=8+7

 x = 15
 
    5x =50

This question is asking us what do we mutiply 5 by in order
to get 50.  To figure this out, we divide both sides by 5 to
reverse the multiplying by 5.

   5x/5=50/5
   x= 50/5
   x =10

Let's look at the example 

     x
   ---- = 7
     4

We want to know what number when I divide it by 4 will give
7, so we can reverse the dividing by 4 by multiplying both
sides by 4.

     x
    ---*4=7*4
     4

     x=7*4

     x=28

Now, let's look at some two step equations:

     3x+5=26

First we multiplied it by 3 and then we add 5 to the
product.  The reverse process of doing this would be to subtract
5 and then divide by 3.  So, that is exactly what we do to
solve this equation.

Let's subtract 5 from both sides.

3x +5-5=26 -5

3x=26-5

3x=21

Now let's divide both sides by 3

3x/3=21/3

x=21/3

x=7

Let's try an example like

       (x-3)
       ----- = 8
         9

In the expression on the left, we first subtracted 3 from x
and the divided the difference by 9.  The reverse process
would be to multply both sides by 9 and then add 3.

So, let's multiply both sides by 9.


       (x-3)
       ----- *9 = 8*9
         9

x-3=8*9

x-3=72

Now we add three to both sides,

x-3+3=72+3

x=72+3

x=75

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How many moons are there in space?
 

 Dear Friend,
In our solar system there are about 65 moons orbitting the planets
I suggest you go to this internet page.
In the table in the most left hand column, you will find
a list of moons for each of the planets. You can click on each and
get a picture and info about it.
http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/data.html
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 Hi my name is melissa. Lately I have gotten
bad grades in Math. How should I study for it? 

 Dear Melissa,

Learning mathematics takes time and patience.

You will need to acquire certain basic skills and use lots of creative thinking.

When you are learning a new skill, you should ask questions as soon as you find the skill difficult...don’t ever wait until your class has moved onto the next skill before you ask for help.  Mathematics extends from previous knowledge all the time.

When faced with a problem you have never seen before, don’t give up after a few minutes...try different approaches until you find one that works or you run out of ideas on what to try.  

There is no such thing as an insignificant  question.

When doing homework, be prepared.  Find yourself a quiet place with a bit of space to spread out your class notes, your text book, your calculator and other useful tools.  Make sure that you have enough light and music, if you like.  If you have a hard time concentrating, get yourself a timer, and take breaks to keep your energy level up high.  

Test Taking:

Before you do anything, take a deep breath and try to relax.

Read over the ENTIRE test before answering any questions.  While you read the test, you should mark questions as easy, medium and hard.  Then you should proceed to answer the easy questions first, then the medium and lastly the hard.  By doing this, you spend your precious test taking time being useful and as you succeed in solving the easier questions you build confidence.  

When you finish answering as many questions as you can, turn the test over and relax for a few minutes.  Then go over your answers careful to check for mistakes.  If you think that perhaps maybe you should have tried a different approach, typically, trust your first instinct.

Try to keep in mind that no one test is the determining factor of whom you are.  Be satisfied always that you did the very best you could under the circumstances.

Test Preparation:

A very useful tool that you can create is a page of important information learned in the math unit.  If you make one for each unit, then when you need to study for finals, you have everything organized.  You can reference this sheet as you study.

If your teacher provides you with review questions, then those are the first examples you should try.  Then re-try any and all quizzes from the unit.  If you still have time and energy to study some more, you can do select homework questions that gave you trouble the first time around.  It’s a good idea to mark on your homework with a colored pen those questions that gave you trouble, so you can work on them at a later time, or you can keep a separate sheet with questions that stumped you at first.

You can do homework, or study for tests with your friends....this way you can help one another and improve your own learning at the same time.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 WHAT IS AN ANTECEDENT? 

 Please check a dictionary for several definitions - or your 
grammar book (which may be in the back of your literature textbook. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how is christmas celebrated in switzerland? 

 Maybe contact a travel agent and ask them.  Or call the
Swiss Embassy in Washington.  Or go to www.altavista.com and ask.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the the Monroe Doctrine? 

 In 1904 President Theodore Roosevelt claimed that the U.S. could intervene in any Latin American nation guilty of internal or external misconduct. Roosevelt's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine justified subsequent U.S. intervention in Caribbean states during the administrations of Presidents William Taft and Woodrow Wilson.

In the 1920s, and especially in the 1930s, the U.S. reduced the doctrine's scope by favoring action in concert with the other American republics. This emphasis on Pan-Americanism continued during and after World War II with the Act of Chapultepec (1945) and the Rio Pact (1947), which declared that an attack on one American nation was an attack on all. The formation of the Organization of American States (1948) was designed to achieve the aims of the Monroe Doctrine through Pan-Americanism. Subsequently, however, fear of communism in Latin America prompted the U.S. to return to unilateral actions against Guatemala (1954), Cuba (1961), and the Dominican Republic (1965), without consulting its Latin American allies.

Effect
As a component of foreign policy, the Monroe Doctrine has had considerable effect and has had strong support in the U.S., in part because it promoted U.S. interests. The doctrine has served other American nations too, particularly because it asserts their right to independence. Because the doctrine as originally formulated made no clear distinction between the interests of the U.S. and those of its neighbors, however, the U.S. has used it to justify intervention in the internal affairs of other American nations. Given growing U.S. anxiety about the unstable politics of Latin American countries, intervention has been especially prevalent and controversial in the 20th century.


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What were the main goals of the progressives? 

 Which progressives?  Usually progressives are liberal who want to
help those who can't or won't adjust to helping themselves. 
These are usually the Democrats, in modern times.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Why  do  anoles  change  color? 

 Dear friend.
An Anole is a green lizard,it changes color when it
senses it is in danger, and it tries to hide itself with
when it is a different color .(we call this camoflage)
Ingrid, Yur Science Helper

 computer help me with math 

 Hi,

Computers can provide you with tools in helping you learn math.
You can use calculators, spreadsheets, drawing programs, and
searches on the Internet for information as tools.  If you
have specific math  questions, then you can post them to the
KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher, and I'll glady help you out.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 2X6 WHAT IS THE ANSWER 

 Hi,

2x6 means we add the number 2 to itself 6 times or

2+2+2+2+2+2=12

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Hi! I need help with a science project. Can you please tell me some good websites to find research on acids and bases? I would REALLY appreciated it. Thank you for your time.
          Kim 

 Dear Kim,
Firstly I suggest you go to this site, you can learn all
about pH through online experiment, and lots more. Ph is the scale that measures
how acid or basic something is.
http://www.miamisci.org/ph/

From this site you can also learn about acids and bases
http://www.ronkurtus.com/physcien/chemacids.htm

and  idea for a  project related to acid/base
http://www.selah.wednet.edu/SOAR/SciProj99/NicoleSciProj.html

http://www.selah.wednet.edu/SOAR/SciProj99/ElisaSciProj.html
Hope this all helps,
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Could you help me solve this problem? 
  Robert sold 6 more magazine subscriptions the second week than the first week He sold twice as many the third week as he sold the first. If he sold 94 magazine subscriptions in all, how many did he sell the second week? 

 Hi,

Let's say the Robert sold x magazine subscriptions the first week

That means he sold 6 more the second week or x+6 the second
week.

Since during the third week he sold twice as many as the first
week, during the third week he sold 2x subscriptions.

His total would be the amount sound week 1+week 2 + week 3

So, x+x+6+2x=the total of 94

x+x+6+2x=94

So, on the left hand side we combine the x terms to get 4x...

4x+6=94

Now we need to get the x term by itself on the left hand side
so  we subtract 6 from both sides.

4x+6-6=94-6

4x=94-6

4x=88

Now we divide both sides by 4 to reverse the multiplying
by 4 to the x.

4x/4=88/4

x=88/4

x=22

So, during the first week, robert sold 22 subscriptions, the
second week 22+6=28 subscriptions and during the third week
he sold 2*22=44 subscriptions.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 what are ocean waves?




 

 Dear Friend,
Waves in the ocean, are very much like sound waves.
When all the drops of water ,move together over
 a certain distance.
They rise to a high point called the
crest of the wave and then move downwards to the lowest point called the
trough of the wave.
All waves a height, a length which is measured form the crest
of one wave to the crest of the next wave,
and they have a frequency , which is howmany waves
pass a certain place in a second.
As I cannot draw for you here I am sending you the address of
an internet site, which has drawings and explanations of
all parts of an ocean wave.

http://www.cnmoc.navy.mil/educate/neptune/quest/wavetide/anatomy.htm
Check it out.


This site has a lot of info about waves.
http://www.can-do.com/uci/lessons98/Oceanwaves.html
Ingrid, YOur Science Teacher

 Hi , 

  My english teacher had assigned us a project . We have to design a PlayBill for one of Shakespeare plays . I have received Hamlet . I need to find out  When the play was first performerd. who was in the Cast ( who were the people that played the roles) and other plays of that time period . I have no idea were to look . I went to the library but they don't have much and I have trouble finding information .Can you please help me? 


( Note; this has to be during Shakespeares days ... so he was the producer and the director of the play .....and the info has to be about when it was FIRST performer ( 1601) and what theatre.....)

Sincerely malvina 

 A good project, combining Literature, history, and art.

Try www.altavista.com for Shakespeare's period.

Meanwhile, here is some information on Shakespeare's work and 
life.

Life
William Shakespeare, Sonnet #18
A complete, authoritative account of Shakespeare's life is lacking; much supposition surrounds relatively few facts. His day of birth is traditionally held to be April 23; it is known he was baptized on April 24, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. The third of eight children, he was the eldest son of John Shakespeare (died 1601), a locally prominent merchant, and Mary Arden (died 1608), daughter of a Roman Catholic member of the landed gentry. He was probably educated at the local grammar school. As the eldest son, Shakespeare ordinarily would have been apprenticed to his father's shop so that he could learn and eventually take over the business, but according to one account he was apprenticed to a butcher because of reverses in his father's financial situation. According to another account, he became a schoolmaster. That Shakespeare was allowed considerable leisure time in his youth is suggested by the fact that his plays show more knowledge of hunting and hawking than do those of other contemporary dramatists. In 1582 he married Anne Hathaway (1557?-1623), the daughter of a farmer. He is supposed to have left Stratford after he was caught poaching in the deer park of Sir Thomas Lucy (1532-1600), a local justice of the peace.

Shakespeare apparently arrived in London about 1588 and by 1592 had attained success as an actor and a playwright. Shortly thereafter, he secured the patronage of Henry Wriothesley, 3d earl of Southampton (1573-1624). The publication of Shakespeare's two fashionably erotic narrative poems Venus and Adonis  (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece  (1594) and of his Sonnets  (pub. 1609, but circulated previously in manuscript) established his reputation as a poet in the Renaissance manner. The Sonnets  describe the devotion of a character, often identified as the poet himself, to a young man whose beauty and virtue he praises and to a mysterious and faithless dark lady with whom the poet is infatuated. The ensuing triangular situation, resulting from the attraction of the poet's friend to the dark lady, is treated with passionate intensity and psychological insight. Shakespeare's modern reputation is based mainly, however, on the 38 plays that he apparently wrote, modified, or collaborated on. Although generally popular in his day, these plays were frequently little esteemed by his educated contemporaries, who considered English plays of their own day to be only vulgar entertainment.

Shakespeare's professional life in London was marked by a number of financially advantageous arrangements that permitted him to share in the profits of his acting company, the Chamberlain's Men, later called the King's Men, and its two theaters, the Globe and the Blackfriars. His plays were given special presentation at the courts of Queen Elizabeth I and King James I more frequently than those of any other contemporary dramatists. It is known that he risked losing royal favor only once, in 1599 when his company performed ìthe play of the deposing and killing of King Richard IIî at the instance of a group of conspirators against Elizabeth. They were led by Elizabeth's unsuccessful court favorite, Robert Devereux, 2d earl of Essex, and by the earl of Southampton. In the subsequent inquiry, Shakespeare's company was absolved of complicity in the conspiracy.

After about 1608, Shakespeare's dramatic production lessened and it seems that he spent more time in Stratford. There he had established his family in an imposing house, called New Place, and had become a leading local citizen. He died on April 23, 1616, and was buried in the Stratford church.

Works
Music of the Renaissance Theater
Although the precise date of many of Shakespeare's plays is in doubt, his dramatic career is generally divided into four periods: (1) the period up to 1594, (2) the years from 1594 to 1600, (3) the years from 1600 to 1608, and (4) the period after 1608. In all periods, the plots of his plays were frequently drawn from chronicles, histories, or earlier fiction, as were the plays of other contemporary dramatists.

First Period
Shakespeare's first period was one of experimentation. His early plays, unlike his more mature work, are characterized to a degree by wooden and superficial construction and verse. Some of the plays from the first period may be no more than retouchings of earlier works by others.

Four plays dramatizing the English civil strife of the 15th century are possibly Shakespeare's earliest dramatic works. These plays, Henry VI, Parts I, II,  and III  (circa 1590-92) and Richard III  (circa 1593), deal with the evil results of weak leadership and of national disunity fostered for selfish ends. The cycle closes with the death of Richard III, a study in satanic malignity, and the ascent to the throne of Henry VII, the righteous founder of the Tudor dynasty, to which Elizabeth belonged. In style and structure, these plays are related partly to medieval drama and partly to the works of earlier Elizabethan dramatists, especially Christopher Marlowe. Either indirectly through such dramatists or directly, the influence of the classical Roman dramatist Seneca is also reflected in the organization of these four plays, in the bloodiness of many of their scenes, and in their highly colored, bombastic language. Senecan influence, exerted by way of the earlier English dramatist Thomas Kyd, is particularly obvious in Titus Andronicus  (c. 1594), a tragedy of righteous revenge for heinous and bloody acts, which are staged in sensational detail.

Shakespeare's comedies of the first period represent a wide range. The Comedy of Errors  (c. 1592), an uproarious farce in imitation of classical Roman comedy, depends for its appeal on the mistakes in identity between two sets of twins involved in romance and war. Farce is not so strongly emphasized in The Taming of the Shrew  (c. 1593), a comedy of character. The Two Gentlemen of Verona  (c. 1594), a weaker comedy, depends on the appeal of romantic love. In contrast, Love's Labour's Lost  (c. 1594) satirizes the loves of its main male characters as well as the fashionable devotion to studious pursuits by which these noblemen had first sought to avoid romantic and worldly ensnarement. The dialogue in which they voice their pretensions ridicules the artificially ornate, courtly style typified by the works of the English novelist and dramatist John Lyly.

Second Period
Shakespeare's second period includes his most important plays concerned with English history, his so-called joyous comedies, and two major tragedies. In this period, his style and approach became highly individualized. The second-period historical plays include Richard II  (c. 1595), Henry IV, Parts I  and II  (c. 1597), and Henry V  (c. 1598). They cover the span immediately before that of the Henry VI plays. Richard II  is a study of a weak, sensitive, self-dramatizing, but sympathetic monarch who loses his kingdom to his forceful successor, Henry IV. In the two parts of Henry IV,  Henry recognizes his own guilt. His fears for his own son, later Henry V, prove unfounded, as the young prince displays an essentially responsible attitude toward the duties of kingship. In an alternation of masterful comic and serious scenes, the fat knight Falstaff and the rebel Hotspur reveal contrasting excesses between which the prince finds his proper position. The mingling of the tragic and the comic to suggest a broad range of humanity became one of Shakespeare's favorite devices. King John  (c. 1595), the other historical play of this period, is of less significance.

Outstanding among the comedies of the second period is A Midsummer Night's Dream  (c. 1595). Its fantasy-filled insouciance is achieved by the interweaving of several plots involving two pairs of noble lovers, a group of bumbling and unintentionally comic townspeople, and members of the fairy realm, notably Puck, King Oberon, and Queen Titania. Subtle evocation of atmosphere, of the sort that characterizes this play, is found also in the tragicomedy The Merchant of Venice  (c. 1596). The Renaissance motifs of masculine friendship and romantic love in this play are portrayed in opposition to the bitter inhumanity of a usurer named Shylock, whose own misfortunes are presented so as to arouse understanding and sympathy. The type of quick-witted, warm, and responsive young woman exemplified in this play by Portia reappears in the joyous comedies of the second period.

The witty comedy Much Ado About Nothing  (c. 1599) is marred, in the opinion of many critics, by an insensitive treatment of its main female character, Beatrice. However, Shakespeare's most mature comedies, As You Like It  (c. 1599) and Twelfth Night  (c. 1600), are characterized by a hilarious and kindly charm that depends largely upon the attraction of strong-minded but lovely heroines like Beatrice. In As You Like It,  the contrast between the manners of the Elizabethan court and those current in the English countryside is drawn in a light, charming vein. A complex pattern of oppositions between good and evil characters and between appearance and reality permits Shakespeare to comment in this play on a variety of human foibles. In that respect, As You Like It  is similar to Twelfth Night,  in which the comical side of the serious emotion of love is illustrated by the misadventures of two pairs of romantic lovers and of a number of realistically conceived and clowning characters in the subplot. Another comedy of the second period is The Merry Wives of Windsor  (c. 1599); this play is a farce about middle-class life in which Falstaff reappears as the comic victim.

Two major tragedies, differing considerably in nature, mark the beginning and the end of the second period. Romeo and Juliet  (c. 1595), famous for its poetic treatment of the ecstasy of youthful love, dramatizes the fate of two lovers victimized by the feuds and misunderstandings of their elders and by their own hasty temperaments. On the other hand, Julius Caesar  (c. 1599) is a serious tragedy of political rivalries, less intense in style than the tragic dramas that followed.

Third Period
William Shakespeare
Shakespeare's third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark or bitter comedies. The tragedies of this period are the most profound of his works and those in which his poetic idiom became an extremely supple dramatic instrument capable of recording the passage of human thought and the many dimensions of given dramatic situations. Hamlet  (c. 1601), his most famous play, goes far beyond other tragedies of revenge in picturing the mingled sordidness and glory of the human condition. Hamlet feels that he is living in a world of horror; confirmed in this feeling by the murder of his father and the sensuality of his mother, he presents a pattern of crippling indecision and precipitous action. The interpretation of his motivation and ambivalence continues to be the subject of considerable controversy. Othello  (c. 1604) portrays the growth of unjustified jealousy in the protagonist, Othello, a Moor serving as a general in the Venetian army. The innocent object of his jealousy is his wife, the lovely Desdemona. In this domestic tragedy, Othello's evil lieutenant Iago draws him into mistaken jealousy in order to ruin him. King Lear  (c. 1605), conceived on a more epic scale, deals with the consequences of the irresponsibility and misjudgment of Lear, a ruler of early Britain, and of his councillor, the duke of Gloucester. The tragic outcome is a result of giving power to their evil offspring, rather than to their good offspring. Lear's daughter Cordelia displays a redeeming love that makes the tragic conclusion a vindication of goodness. This is reinforced by the portrayal of evil as self-defeating, exemplified by the fates of Cordelia's sisters and of Gloucester's opportunistic son. Antony and Cleopatra  (c. 1606) is concerned with a different type of love, namely, the middle-aged passion of the Roman general Mark Antony for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Their love is glorified by some of the most sensuous poetry written by Shakespeare. In Macbeth  (c. 1606), Shakespeare depicts the tragedy of a great and basically good man who, led on by others and because of a defect in his own nature, succumbs to ambition. In getting and retaining the Scottish throne, Macbeth dulls his humanity to the point where he becomes capable of any enormity.

Three other plays of this period suggest a bitterness lacking in these tragedies because the protagonists do not seem to possess greatness or tragic stature. In Troilus and Cressida  (c. 1602), the most intellectually contrived of Shakespeare's plays, the gulf between the ideal and the real, both individually and politically, is skillfully evoked. In Coriolanus  (c. 1608), another tragedy taking place in antiquity, the legendary Roman hero Gaius Marcus Coriolanus is portrayed as unable to bring himself either to woo the Roman masses or to crush them by force. Timon of Athens  (c. 1608) is a similarly bitter play about a character reduced to misanthropy by the ingratitude of his sycophants. Because of the uneven quality of the writing, this tragedy is considered a collaboration.

The two comedies of this period also are dark in mood. Of these, All's Well That Ends Well  (c. 1602) is less significant than Measure for Measure  (c. 1604), which, more clearly than any other of Shakespeare's plays, suggests a picture of morality in Christian terms.

Fourth Period
The fourth period of Shakespeare's work comprises his principal tragicomedies. Toward the end of his career, Shakespeare created several plays suggestive of a mood of final resignation to the human lot. These plays are written in a grave vein differing considerably from that of his earlier comedies, but ending happily with a reunion or final reconciliation. The tragicomedies depend for part of their appeal upon the lure of the distant in time or place, and all seem more obviously symbolic than most of his earlier works. To many critics, the tragicomedies signify a final ripeness in Shakespeare's own outlook, but other authorities believe that the change reflects only a change in fashion in the drama.

The romantic tragicomedy Pericles, Prince of Tyre  (c. 1608) concerns the title character's painful loss of his wife and the persecution of his daughter. After many exotic adventures, Pericles is reunited with his loved ones. In Cymbeline  (c. 1610) and The Winter's Tale  (c. 1610), domestic complications are similarly resolved by restoring loved ones. The most successful product of this particular vein of creativity, however, is what may be Shakespeare's last complete play, The Tempest  (c. 1611), in which the resolution suggests the beneficial effects of the union of wisdom and power. In this play a duke, deprived of his dukedom and banished to an island, confounds his usurping brother by wisely employing magical powers and furthering a love match between his daughter and the usurper's son. Shakespeare's poetic power rarely reached heights as great as this.

Two final plays, sometimes ascribed to Shakespeare, presumably are the products of collaboration. A historical drama, Henry VIII  (c. 1613), probably was written with the English dramatist John Fletcher, as was The Two Noble Kinsmen  (c. 1613; pub. 1634), a story of the love of two noble friends for one woman.

Literary Reputation
Until the 18th century Shakespeare was generally thought to have been no more than a rough and untutored genius. Theories were advanced that his plays had actually been written by someone more educated, perhaps the statesman and philosopher Sir Francis Bacon or the earl of Southampton, Shakespeare's patron. From the 19th century on, Shakespeare's achievement has been more adequately recognized. Throughout the world he is held to be the greatest dramatist ever. His plays communicate a profound knowledge of the wellsprings of human behavior as revealed in his masterful characterizations of a wide gamut of humanity. The skillful use of poetic and dramatic means to create a unified aesthetic effect out of a multiplicity of vocal expressions and actions is recognized as an achievement unequaled in other literature. Finally, Shakespeare's employment of poetry within the plays to express the deepest levels of human motivation in relation to individual, social, and universal situations is considered one of the most astounding accomplishments of the human intellect.

 What is 5+5 

 Hi,

Most people have 5 fingers on their left hand and 5 fingers
on their right hand totaling 5+5=10 fingers on both hands.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 dear kidonet teacher where could i find infomatoin on wich indians lived in Virginia long ago? My class and I are studying states and mine is Virginia. I have to write a paragraph on the indians who lived in Virginia long ago, so if you could help me on where to find some info on the indians, i would be so grateful! thank you!


                  from, kaitlyn 

 Here's your paragraph on Virginia's Native Americans.  Happy New
Year and keep asking!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Indian peoples in precolonial Virginia included Cherokee tribes 
in the west, the Susquehanna north of Chesapeake Bay, and the 
Algonquians of the Powhatan Confederacy, who hunted, fished, and 
farmed along the tidal rivers of the Chesapeake. This Algonquian 
state was led by a chief whom the Europeans called an emperor and
was strong enough to expel a Spanish mission established on the 
York River in 1570. When the English appeared on the James River 
in 1607, however, the Indians hesitated, allowing the new 
invaders' foothold at Jamestown to grow into a permanent 
settlement. The Powhatans were unable to dislodge the English 
when they finally mobilized to do so in 1622 and again in 1644.

 what is 7+7= 

 Hi,

Let's use stars to represent numbers, so 7= * * * * * *

7+7= * * * * * * * +* * * * * * *= how many total stars do we
have???  That's the answer to 7+7!!

There are 14 stars, so 7+7=14.

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math TEacher

 I need to know the weather and entertainment that is in Brazil lastest news
 

 I think the best idea is to go to a travel agent and ask for 
the latest information on what's attracting people to go to
Brazil, like Carnival coming up in Rio, and the seasonal weather.
Maybe there is also an official Brazilian tourist board in a big 
city near you that will know the upcoming events.   

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 hey! 

 okay,i need some help on my project for school. i need to know all of the shapes for geomety. i need to know the shapes and how the shapes look. i have to turn it in on jan.4 i don't have much time. please please help me.

Thank You,
Ashley : ) 

 Dear Ashley,

Since I don't have the ability to draw pictures of polygons for
you on the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher Board.  I've 
listed web sites that have good graphics as well as excellent
mathematical descriptions for you to check out.  These
resources should give you ample information for your
project.

http://www.mathleague.com/help/geometry/polygons.htm

http://www.scholarnet.com/Stackware/u11not.htm

For a twist on your project, you can talk about polyhedron,
which are three dimensional figures...here's a site that
will allow you to download 2-pictures that you can construct
into 3 dimension polyhedron.

http://www.hbschool.com/teacher_resources/math/grade_08/g8_nets.html

The next site talks about connecting polygons and polyhedrons.

http://www.ccm.ecn.purdue.edu/~html/merkel/

Hopefully, these are enough resources to get you going.

With this, you should be able to come up with an excellent
project.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 hey! 

 okay,i need some help on my project for school. i need to know all of the shapes for geomety. i need to know the shapes and how the shapes look. i have to turn it in on jan.4 i don't have much time. please please help me.

Thank You,
Ashley : ) 

 Dear Ashley,

Since I don't have the ability to draw pictures of polygons for
you on the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher Board.  I've 
listed web sites that have good graphics as well as excellent
mathematical descriptions for you to check out.  These
resources should give you ample information for your
project.

http://www.mathleague.com/help/geometry/polygons.htm

http://www.scholarnet.com/Stackware/u11not.htm

For a twist on your project, you can talk about polyhedron,
which are three dimensional figures...here's a site that
will allow you to download 2-pictures that you can construct
into 3 dimension polyhedron.

http://www.hbschool.com/teacher_resources/math/grade_08/g8_nets.html

The next site talks about connecting polygons and polyhedrons.

http://www.ccm.ecn.purdue.edu/~html/merkel/

Hopefully, these are enough resources to get you going.

With this, you should be able to come up with an excellent
project.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 hey! 

 okay,i need some help on my project for school. i need to know all of the shapes for geomety. i need to know the shapes and how the shapes look. i have to turn it in on jan.4 i don't have much time. please please help me.

Thank You,
Ashley : ) 

 Dear Ashley,

Since I don't have the ability to draw pictures of polygons for
you on the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher Board.  I've 
listed web sites that have good graphics as well as excellent
mathematical descriptions for you to check out.  These
resources should give you ample information for your
project.

http://www.mathleague.com/help/geometry/polygons.htm

http://www.scholarnet.com/Stackware/u11not.htm

For a twist on your project, you can talk about polyhedron,
which are three dimensional figures...here's a site that
will allow you to download 2-pictures that you can construct
into 3 dimension polyhedron.

http://www.hbschool.com/teacher_resources/math/grade_08/g8_nets.html

The next site talks about connecting polygons and polyhedrons.

http://www.ccm.ecn.purdue.edu/~html/merkel/

Hopefully, these are enough resources to get you going.

With this, you should be able to come up with an excellent
project.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 hi , 

I am having alot of trouble doing my English project . My english teacher assigned us a project where we have to make a playbill. We received 1 of Shakespeares plays . I received Hamlet . I need to find out where the play was first played , who where the actors and what other plays where played in that theatre. ( this has to the 1st time it was played when Shakespeare was alive ) 
I totally don't know where to look . Can you please help me

Thank You  

 RELAX!

GO TO A GOOD BOOKSTORE AND ASK FOR CLIFFNOTES, WHICH IS A 
SERIES OF BOOKLETS ON FAMOUS STORIES AND PLAYS.  GET THE ONE
ON SHAKESPEARE'S HAMLET AND YOU SHOULD FIND THE OTHER INFORMATION
IN THE FROM OR BACK OF THE OUTLINE OF THE PLAY.

OTHERWISE, WRITE BACK AND I'LL GIVE YOU A LOT OF INFORMATION
ON THE BARD.

MIKE ONLINE
YOUR KIDDONET HOMEWORK HELPER

 How do you do long division, I'm haveing trouble  

 HI,

We do an example by long division
  ______
89|7000

How many times does 89 go into 7 evenly?  It doesn't!!!
How many times does 89 go into 70 evenly?  It doesn't!!

How many times does 89 go into 700 evenly?  7 times since
7x89=623.

We write the 7 in our answer.  Then we multiply 7x89=623.
We subtract 623 from 700.

  ___7___
89|7000
  -623
  ----
    77

Does 89 go into 77 evenly?  No way if we did the last step right.
Now, we drop the 0, and how many times does 89 go into 770
evenly? 8x89=712.

So, we write the 8 in the answer, and multiply 8x89=712.
We subtract 712 from 770 to get our remainder

  ___78___
89|7000
  -623
  ----
    770
   -712
   -----
     58
                    58
So our answer is 78----
                    89

Happy Y2K!!!

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

         how  can  i  get  better  grades  in  Social  Studies. 

 I just answered someone else on this question, so maybe that 
answer will help you.  Happy 2000!

Hi -  Good question, actually, and I hope this helps your grades.

What can I say?  'Sorry you're so down on social studies because 
it can be as interesting as anything else.    

Why so interesting? 

Because it involves things like psychology, sociology,
anthropology, history, and geography -- which give you the basic 
facts & opinions about what "earth people" are, have been, and 
will be about: including YOU!  That means you can learn about 
yourself, too.  And think about it;  if you watch TV at all or 
talk to friends or family, then what is that but social studies?

Tips?  Well...

Maybe your teacher is half-asleep or bored or you and your teacher
are half-asleep or bored BUT TIME IS AWASTING SO TRY TO UNBORE
YOURSELF AND GET INTO IT.  IF YOU'RE HORRIBLE AT IT, THEN SPEND
MORE TIME ON IT AND IF YOU WANT HELP WITH SOME OF THE INFORMATION
THEN  W R I T E  U S  B E C A U S E  W E  W A N T  T O  H E L P!
We're on your side if you are serious about learning!!!!!!!!!!!!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper 

 what is sound energy? 

 Dear Friend,
Sound happens when particles vibrate. (move back and forward)
These particles can vibrate in something solid, liquid or even in the air.
The energy of vibrations, is the sound energy.
I recommend that you look at the following internet pages to learn more about it.

http://library.thinkquest.org/19537/Physics2.html

Also try these experiments about sound. They are simple,
but will teach you more about sound.So go to these interent sites.
http://www.spartechsoftware.com/reeko/Experiments/ExpSoundWaves.htm
http://www.spartechsoftware.com/reeko/Experiments/ExpGoodVibrations.htm

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 I WANT TO KNOW WHAT IS THE CAPITAL OF AFRICA  IS ? 

 There is no capital of Africa because it is a continent, like 
North America, Central America, South American, Asia, and Europe.

Within Africa are countries, each with its own capital.  For 
example, Cape Town is the capital of South Africa (the country
furthest to the South in Africa, if you can get a map to see it).

Happy New Year!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework 

 5000+5000=
 

 Hi,

Five thousand and another five thousand make 10 thousand or

5000+5000=10000

Happy Y2K!!!!

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What can you tell me about the United Arab Emirates? 

 This should help.  Happy New Year to you.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper


United Arab Emirate is a federation of seven independent states lying along the east central coast of the Arabian Peninsula, formerly called the Trucial States (from the Perpetual Maritime Truce signed with Great Britain in 1853). The states, occupying a vaguely defined area formerly known as the Pirate Coast, as well as 80 km (50 mi) of coast on the Gulf of Oman, are bounded on the north by Qatar and the Persian Gulf, on the east by the Gulf of Oman, and on the south and west by Saudi Arabia. Area, 83,600 sq km (32,278 sq mi). The population grew rapidly in the 1970s and '80s, largely because of alien workers, and was estimated (1989) at 1,827,000. Population density was about 22 persons per sq km (about 57 per sq mi).

The states are Abu Dhabi (Abu Zaby), Ajman, Dubayy, al-Fujayrah, Ras al-Khaymah, ash-Shariqah, and Umm al-Qaywayn. The town of Abu Dhabi is the union capital; the port of Dubayy is the commercial center of the union and northern Oman and has a large transshipment trade. The capitals of the states are on the Persian Gulf coast, except the capital of al-Fujayrah, which is on the coast of the Gulf of Oman. The hinterland is sandy and unproductive. Most of the inhabitants live in the coastal towns and the rest in inland oases. The traditional occupations are date tending, pearl diving, camel breeding, and fishing. The oil industry is now a major employer.

Most of the states granted oil exploration concessions, but only Abu Dhabi, Dubayy, and to a lesser extent ash-Shariqah, have found significant reserves. In the late 1980s the emirates produced about 526.4 million barrels of crude oil a year; the annual output of natural gas was 16.4 billion cu m (579 billion cu ft). Revenue from petroleum exports financed the construction of an aluminum smelter in Dubayy during the 1980s; an industrial complex was built at ar-Ruways, and facilities to transport and liquefy natural gas were also developed.

The non-oil-producing member states receive financial assistance from Abu Dhabi and other neighboring Arab countries. The emirates are members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The unit of currency is the dirham, adopted in 1973 to replace the Qatar riyal and the Bahrain dinar previously used (3.66 dirhams equal U.S.$1; 1990).

The former Trucial States, also known as Trucial Oman, were under the military protection of Great Britain from 1853 until December 2, 1971, when six of the states became independent as the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaymah joined on February 11, 1972. Each of the seven states has its own hereditary ruler; together they comprise the highest body of the federal government, the Supreme Council of Rulers; it elects from its members a president and vice-president. The United Arab Emirates were part of the UN-led, 28-nation allied forces that defeated Iraq in the Persian Gulf War in 1991.

 what is 10 + 10 

 HI,

We have 1 ten and a second ten, so together we have two
tens. Two tens are twenty.

10+10=20

Happy Y2K!!!

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What famous leaders live in the UNited Arab Emirates? 

 None is world-famous, maybe oil-rich but not well-known.


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is H2o? 

 Dear Friend,

H20 is the molecular formula for water.
A molecular formula is a sort of shorthand to 
tell us what different elements there are in 
a substance and howmany atomes of each there are.
H is the symbol that stands for Hydrogen, aand the
2 written after it means there are two atomes.
O stands for Oxygen and there is one atom only.
When these two elements are combined chemically
with each other a new sybstance is formed. In
this case the substance is water,
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper.

 What is a Pathagorian Guitar?
 

 Hi,

I suggest checking out the link to the following web site.

http://www.classic-guitar.com/pythagor.html

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What is the stamp act? 

 Stamp Act was act introduced by the British prime minister George Grenville and passed by the British Parliament in 1765 as a means of raising revenue in the American colonies. The Stamp Act required all legal documents, licenses, commercial contracts, newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards to carry a tax stamp. The act extended to the colonies the system of stamp duties then employed in Great Britain and was intended to raise money to defray the cost of maintaining the military defenses of the colonies. Passed without debate, it aroused widespread opposition among the colonists, who argued that because they were not represented in Parliament, they could not legally be taxed without their consent.

Members of the Sons of Liberty, a patriotic secret society, were particularly active in opposing the imposition of the stamp tax, and they led a campaign of physical violence in which many official stamp agents were attacked by mobs and their property destroyed. Resolutions of protest against the act were adopted by a number of the colonial assemblies. The Virginia House of Burgesses passed five such resolutions offered by the American patriot Patrick Henry. Opposition culminated in the convening of the Stamp Act Congress to consider organized means of protesting against the tax. Colonial businessmen agreed to stop importing British goods until the act was repealed, and trade was substantially diminished. Refusal to use the stamps on business papers became common, and the courts would not enforce their use on legal documents. Opposed by the British business community, the act was repealed by the British Parliament on March 4, 1766, after the members of the House of Commons heard the arguments of Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania's representative in London. Repeal was accompanied by the Declaratory Act, which affirmed the right of the British government to pass acts legally binding on the colonists. The unity of the American colonists in their opposition to the Stamp Act contributed substantially to the rise of American nationalist sentiment, and the conflict between the colonists and the British government over the Stamp Act is often considered one of the chief immediate causes of the American Revolution.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Whats the 6th planet in out solor system? 

 Dear Friend,

The sixth planet in our solar system is Saturn.
This means that 5 other planets are nearer to the sun than Saturn.
Saturn is about 1427 millions of Kilometers away from the sun.
To learn more about Saturn and all of the planets, I recommend
that you go to the site called STARCHILD.You can find it
by going to the KIDDONET HOMEWORK HELP section, and going to
the Science SUBJECTS area. There choose space, and you will
find this cool site.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Can you put Ottwa,Bern,Canberra,Paris,Oslo,Bangkok,
Lima,Vienna,Beijing,Caracas,Lisbon,New Delhi,
Bucharest,Copenhagen,Managua,Dublin,Buenos Aires,Cairo,
Madrid,and Tokyo in abc order 
   

 Bangkok, Beijing, Bern, Bucharest, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Canberra, 
Caracas, Copenhagen, Dublin, Lima, Lisbon, Managua, 
New Delhi, Oslo, Paris, Tokyo, Vienna

Mike Online
YOur KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how many crickets do anoles eat in one day? 

 Dear Friend,
Anoles need to eat  crickets that have also been fed well.
But they must not be overfed. They will eat about 4 to 5
crickets a week.OF course this depends on their size.

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 WHO WAS PTOLEMY V'S WIFE? 

 Ptolemy V (210?-181 bc), called Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of Egypt 
(205-181 bc), grandson of Ptolemy II Euergetes. At the beginning 
of his reign, Antiochus III of Syria and Philip V of Macedonia 
agreed to divide the foreign possessions of Egypt between them, 
and Egypt was greatly weakened. The official coronation of
Ptolemy V was held in 197 bc; it was the occasion on which the 
Egyptian priesthood published the decree that forms the 
trilingual inscription on the Rosetta Stone. In 193 bc Ptolemy 
married the Seleucid princess Cleopatra I.


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what did people in Britain do to stop the
slave trade?

How did Bristol in Britain gain from the
slave trade?

How much profit did slave merchants make?

how did slave merchants spend their money? 

 I would suggest that you consult a textbook on the history of 
slavery to get the answers.  Also, maybe go to www.kiddonet.com
and look up slavery in the Homework Helper encyclopedia link or 
go to  www.ajkids.com  and ask.

If those research choices are not useful, please write back and
I'll help you.  It's just that it's excellent practice for you
to try to do your own research first.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is a good website to find stuff on science fair projects
 

 Dear Friend,

Here is a list of  ideas of projects for Science Fairs (grades 7-9)
http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/sciencefairs/intermed.html

And here at this site, you can get information about how to display your
project.
http://school.discovery.com/sciencefaircentral/scifairstudio/handbook/display.html

This is also a very helpful site about Science fairs.
http://www.connectok.com/science/index.html

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 were can I find out about car diovascular system?
 

 Dear Friend,
Firstly it should be one word:  CARDIOVASCULAR system.
The word CARDIO is always related to heart.
And the Cardiovascular System is our blood circulatory System.
You can get information in Encyclopedias, or Physiology Textbooks.

I recommend that you go to this internet site, and you
can see a picture of the system, and learn all about the sytem too.
http://www.imcpl.lib.in.us/nov_circ.htm

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 there are length weight hight 

what is the forth measurmeant??? 

 Dear Friend,
You must tell me what it is you are measuring!!
Length and height are similar, in that they both measure
something from one point to another.
If we have a solid block, we can measure its length, width and
height in centimeters (or inches.(
We can measure how much it weighs in grams (or pounds)
We can also measure its VOLUME (which is the amount of space it
takes up) I guess that is the fourth measurement that
you were talking about,
Ingrid, Your Science Helper.
 

 all about Potiac's Rebellion 

 Pontiac (Native American chief) (1720-69), chief of the Ottawa Indians and leader of the confederate tribes of the Ohio Valley and Lake Region against the British in 1763-65. He distinguished himself in the French service at an early age and is said to have led the warriors of his own tribe against the British army officer Edward Braddock in 1755. With the object of driving the British from their frontier possessions and reestablishing Indian autonomy, Pontiac organized a confederacy that embraced virtually all the tribes from the head of Lake Superior almost to the Gulf of Mexico. According to the arrangement the warriors of each tribe, on a concerted day, early in May 1763, were to attack the garrison in their immediate neighborhood. Pontiac himself was to lead the assault at Detroit.

In the great wilderness extending from the Pennsylvania frontier to Lake Superior were 14 British posts, of which the most important were Fort Pitt, Detroit, and Mackinaw. The Indians captured all but four of the posts, Niagara, Pitt, Ligonier, and Detroit. Mackinaw was taken by a stratagem, and the entire garrison was killed. A plot for the capture of Detroit seems to have been betrayed to the commanding officer by an Indian woman, and failed, but Pontiac at once began a siege that lasted for five months. Reinforcements finally succeeded in entering Detroit; Pontiac's men began to desert him, and the news of the signing of a peace treaty between France and Great Britain removed all hopes of French aid. Pontiac thereupon raised the siege and on August 17, 1765, entered into a formal peace treaty, which he confirmed at Oswego in 1766. Three years later he was murdered by an Illinois Indian.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Animal Life(English) 

 Do you mean what Animal Life there is in England?  If so, 
I think you can find it in KiddoNet's encyclopedia at Homework 
Helper  at   www.kiddonet.com

If NOT, please write again but include your email in the requested
information for an answer.  Plus, tell me if you mean England,
please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What are fossil fuels? What are they used for? What are some kinds of fossil fuels? Where are fossil fuels found?  

 Dear Friend,
Some kinds of fossil fuels are coal, oil, and gas.
Fossil fuels were produced form the
organic material remains , or in other words, from fossils,
buried deep under the ground belwo many mnay layers which formed
on top of them.These buried fossils under great pressure,
eventually produced these fossil fules which are
so useful to us today in the production of energy.
I am sure you can think of some uses of fossil fuels.
Gas for our cooking stoves, coal for making electricity,
and many other functions.
This is a really cool internet site, which will let you study the subject
more deeply.
http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/index.html
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Where can I find a website on the French and Indian war? 

 Here's lots of information.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

French and Indian War (1754-63), contest between France and Great Britain with their respective Indian and colonial allies for the domination of North America. Britain's eventual victory stripped France of its North American empire and thus concluded the four Anglo-French conflicts that had been fought since 1689 (see: King George's War; see: King William's War; see: Queen Anne's War). Before the war ended, it expanded into Europe, where it was known as the Seven Years' War (1756-63), and into Asia, where it was called the Third Carnatic War (1756-63); its American name reflects the prominence of France's Indian allies in the minds of the British colonists, although the powerful Iroquoian Confederacy was allied with the British forces.

The war arose from long-standing British and French rivalry for land and fur. Tensions increased in the 1750s as British land companies secured large grants of wilderness in the Ohio Valley, thereby threatening French claims to the territory. The French sought to protect their control with a string of forts extending from the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River westward to the Great Lakes region and southward to Saint Louis and New Orleans. In the process, the French encroached on land claimed by Virginia since 1609. In 1753 Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia dispatched George Washington to warn the French of their alleged invasion of English territory. In 1754 Dinwiddie ordered Washington to the forks of the Ohio, the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers (later the site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), to protect workmen constructing a fort. The French had already captured the fort and named it Fort Duquesne. Washington then built Fort Necessity, at Great Meadows near Pittsburgh, but surrendered to the French. The French and Indian War had begun.

The Opening Campaigns
In 1755 the British general Edward Braddock arrived in America to retake Fort Duquesne. In July, however, near the fort, a small band of French and Indians ambushed and badly defeated Braddock's British regulars and colonial troops. In September the British repulsed a French and Indian attack at the Battle of Lake George but were unable to take Crown Point on Lake Champlain in New York. The English faltered in 1757 in their plans to assault the French fortress at Louisbourg, which guarded the entrance to the St. Lawrence River, and also lost Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario and Fort George and Fort William Henry, both on the Lake Champlain waterway.

The British Victory
England's dismal performance ended when William Pitt the Elder rose to political power in 1757. Pitt initiated a series of well-coordinated campaigns designed to win control of France's American strongholds and appointed able commanders to lead them. In 1758 British forces were repulsed at Fort Ticonderoga, but succeeded in taking Louisbourg, Fort Duquesne (which they renamed Fort Pitt), and Fort Frontenac on Lake Ontario.

The following year British strategy focused on cutting off the Great Lakes and the West from the St. Lawrence; taking Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point while advancing up the Lake Champlain waterway to the St. Lawrence Valley; and launching an amphibious assault on QuÈbec, capital of France's North American empire. This strategy succeeded, climaxing in General James Wolfe's victory at QuÈbec in September 1759. The following year British forces converged up river from QuÈbec at MontrÈal, where they compelled the governor of Canada to surrender the entire province.

The Treaty of Paris (1763) awarded all French territory east of the Mississippi to the British; the area west of the Mississippi was given to France's ally, Spain, which in turn ceded Florida to Britain. The war concluded three-quarters of a century of conflict and determined that English rather than French institutions and ideas would dominate North America. Hence, in terms of importance, the French and Indian War rivals the American Revolution and the American Civil War.

Results of the War
Despite the common culture uniting all those of English descent, the war's end precipitated divisions between Britain and its 13 North American colonies. The elimination of a French threat to the West reduced colonial dependence on British military aid. Moreover, in order to pay part of the enormous war debts, Parliament began to tax the colonies for the first time (1765). In the eyes of the colonials, however, taxation and concomitant regulations not only violated traditional self-government but also denied their rights as English people. In sum, the defeat and removal of French rule encouraged the colonials to think about their problems, institutions, and interests in terms of an American nationality instead of an English one.

 HOW DO SPIDERS MAKE THERE WEBS. 

 Dear Friend,
Spiders have special parts on the underside of their body
called spinnerets.Inside the spinnerets are silk glands which
can make silk.
These spinnerets release these silken threads. 
(in the same way as our salivary glands in our mouth
 can produce substances like saliva and release them)

As the spider walks, the thread comes out of its spinnerets,
and to make its web, it has to move in a special way, so that
it can build the web correctly.
It is a very difficult job for the spider. First it has
to attach its silk thread from one branch or object to another.
Then it has to walk between these and make triangles of silk,
and then between these it has to walk around to make spirals.

Not all spiders make such  beautiful webs, and others only
use their silk to wrap their eggs , and so their eggs and tiny babies
can be protected until they hatch and grow.

I am sure you have seen a spider hanging on its thread, they are 
able to let themselves down on top of their prey (animals they eat)

If there is anything else which you would like to know about
spiders, their webs or any other subject, you are welcome
to write and ask me again.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

   What is 135 round up to the nearest ten? 

 Hi,

To round to the nearest ten, you look in the ones place.

If the digit in the ones place is 5,6,7,8 or 9 you round up
one in the tens place, otherwise you leave it alone.  So,
135 rounded to the nearest ten would be 140 because
in the ones place if a 5.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 i'm writeing a essay on why i'm proud to be an american
and i need to know things about americans
randimoss84 

 Maybe interview a relative to explain an answer to this question,
say a grandparent who appreciates the freedom of 
America.  Or just talk about your own pride.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 dear sir/madam,

My name is Umur.I have an english homework about u.f.o's.Please I need some informatýon.





                           Best wishes
                               UMUR 

 Here is some information I hope will help you.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) is any object or light, reportedly sighted in the sky, that cannot be immediately explained by the observer. Sightings of unusual aerial phenomena date back to ancient times, but UFOs (sometimes called flying saucers) became widely discussed only after the first widely publicized U.S. sighting in 1947. Many thousands of such observations have since been reported worldwide.

At least 90 percent of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects, although time-consuming investigations are often necessary for such identification. The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars, aircraft, birds, balloons, kites, aerial flares, peculiar clouds, meteors, and satellites. The remaining sightings most likely can be attributed to other mistaken sightings or to inaccurate reporting, hoaxes, or delusions, although to disprove all claims made about UFOs is impossible.

From 1947 to 1969 the U.S. Air Force investigated UFOs as a possible threat to national security. A total of 12,618 reports was received, of which 701 reports, or 5.6 percent, were listed as unexplained. The air force concluded that ìno UFO reported, investigated, and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security.î Since 1969 no agency of the U.S. government has had any active program of UFO investigation.

Some persons nevertheless believe that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft, even though no scientifically valid evidence supports that belief. The possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations is not the stumbling block; most scientists grant that intelligent life may well exist elsewhere in the universe. A fully convincing UFO photograph of a craftlike object has yet to be taken, however, and the scientific method requires that highly speculative explanations should not be adopted unless all of the more ordinary explanations can be ruled out.

UFO enthusiasts persist, however, and some persons even claim to have been abducted and taken aboard UFOs. (A close encounter of the third kind  is UFO terminology for an alleged encounter between humans and visitors from outer space.) No one has produced scientifically acceptable proof of these claims.

 what is72+900= 

 Hi,

   900
 +  72
 ------
   972

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What was the cause and effect of the French and Indian War? 

 Cause: 

The war arose from long-standing British and French rivalry for land and fur. Tensions increased in the 1750s as British land companies secured large grants of wilderness in the Ohio Valley, thereby threatening French claims to the territory. The French sought to protect their control with a string of forts extending from the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River westward to the Great Lakes region and southward to Saint Louis and New Orleans. In the process, the French encroached on land claimed by Virginia since 1609. In 1753 Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia dispatched George Washington to warn the French of their alleged invasion of English territory. In 1754 Dinwiddie ordered Washington to the forks of the Ohio, the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers (later the site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), to protect workmen constructing a fort. The French had already captured the fort and named it Fort Duquesne. Washington then built Fort Necessity, at Great Meadows near Pittsburgh, but surrendered to the French. The French and Indian War had begun.

Effect:

The Treaty of Paris (1763) awarded all French territory east of the Mississippi to the British; the area west of the Mississippi was given to France's ally, Spain, which in turn ceded Florida to Britain. The war concluded three-quarters of a century of conflict and determined that English rather than French institutions and ideas would dominate North America. Hence, in terms of importance, the French and Indian War rivals the American Revolution and the American Civil War.

Results of the War
Despite the common culture uniting all those of English descent, the war's end precipitated divisions between Britain and its 13 North American colonies. The elimination of a French threat to the West reduced colonial dependence on British military aid. Moreover, in order to pay part of the enormous war debts, Parliament began to tax the colonies for the first time (1765). In the eyes of the colonials, however, taxation and concomitant regulations not only violated traditional self-government but also denied their rights as English people. In sum, the defeat and removal of French rule encouraged the colonials to think about their problems, institutions, and interests in terms of an American nationality instead of an English one.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Inthe book Island of the Blue Dolphins was Matasaip appointed chief? 

 You may have to read the book carefully to find the answer.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Tell me about Sand Storms 

 Dear Friend,

Sand and dust storms are produced by the larger scale winds
of thunderstorms or migrating cyclones in deserts.
Sand storms differ from dust storms based on particles
size range:
Sand, which cover a small fraction of desert terrain,
consists of large particles (0.06 to 2.0 mm in diameter),
while dust consists of very small particles (less
than 0.06 mm in diameter)

here are a few internet sites which each have a small amount of info.

Look at section on desert winds

http://www.valdosta.edu/~grissino/geog3150/lecture19.htm

short paragraph
http://livingdesert.org/deserts/wind.htm
In spaace
http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/1998/wspacstm.htm

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 president,s abraham lincoln 

 Please go to www.kiddonet.com  and its Homework Helper site.  
Then to the encyclopedia link and type in Abraham Lincoln.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what do you know about quarks? 

 Dear Friend,

Quarks are fundamental particles of matter, found in atoms.
They are too tiny to see but scientists have done experiments  which give
evidence that quarks exist.
There are  6 different types of quarks

They have strange names. Look at these charts about quarks.
http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/education/hep/adventure/quarks1.html
http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/education/hep/adventure/quark_chart.html

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Where do crystals come from and what are they made of? 

 Dear Friend,

Different chemical compounds form crystals. These crystals
have a regular pattern or shape and color. So we can use them
to recognize the substance.
This is a cool site all about Crystals.

http://www.chemistry.co.nz/crystals_defined.htm

At this site you can find out what they are made of, and how to
grow your own crystals. Look at the recipe section to find out
how.YOu must ask an adult to help you, as sometimes substances 
suggested may be dangerous to use or posionous.

Rock Candy is also made of crystals, crystals of sugar.
Look at this site for growing rock candy crystals and others,
http://www.kerala.com/science/project1_page1.htm

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 How to Make Homade Blueberry Muffins? 

 I'd check a cookbook at home or go into a bookstore and look in 
the Settlement Cook Book.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is 6+7 

 Hi,

6+7=13

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 WHO IS WILMA RUDOLPH 

 Wilma Glodean Rudolph (1940-) was an American runner, the first 
American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in running 
events. She was born in Clarksville, Tennessee, and educated at 
Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University. Although 
crippled at the age of four and unable to walk until she was 
eight years old, she became an outstanding basketball player in 
high school and competed as a runner in the 1960 Olympic Games at 
Rome. Winner of the women's 100-m and 200-m dash and anchor 
runner on the winning 400-m relay team. She retired from 
competitive sports in 1961.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

  Whats a lin segment?  

 Hi,

A line segment is a part of a line consisting of two points,
called endpoints, and the set of all points between them.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I ALWAYS HAVE TROUBLE IN
S.S. EVERY TIME I TRY TO
AWNSER A QUESTION I ALWAYS GET IT WRONG.
IS THAT BECAUSE I DO NOT 
LISTEN OR WHAT?
CAN YOU HELP ME GET BETTER GRADES IN S.S.?
 I HOPE YOU CAN HELP ME!
 fROM HOLLI LEIGH HUFFMAN 

 Yours is a very good question.  It would help to have your email,
though, to get the answer directly to YOU.

Anyway, it's hard to say without knowing more about the situation.

If you feel things are simply too difficult even though you are
studying hard and doing your Homework, than maybe ask your 
teacher for additional help.  Social Studies can be very interesting
because it is really an ongoing, living history, which you are a
part of too.  Think of it that way and you may get more involved
and your grades will improve.

Plus, please ask Homework Helper.  That's what we're here for:
to help you succeed.  

Good luck.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is 12+12= 

 HI,

12+12=24

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What is the probability of a fair coin landing on heads four times in a row? 

 Hi,

The probability of a fair coin landing on heads one time is
0.5.  Since the previous coin tosses do not affect the upcoming
outcome of the coin toss, the coin tosses are said to be
independent.

The probability of a fair coin landing on heads four times
in a row is 0.5*0.5*0.5*0.5=0.0625  There is also only
one way for four heads to occur...heads, heads, heads , heads

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD? 

 Dea Friend,

SCIENTIFIC METHOD is the way in which scientists work when
trying to do research and to solve problems.There
are certain steps to the Scientific Method which Scientists
always follow.
1. They define their Problem
2. They read to find out background information about the
subject.
3.They make an Hypothesis, which is a suggested answer
 to the problem based on the information they already have
about the subject.
4. They design and carry out an experiment to test their hypothesis.
5. The collect and analyse their results.
6. They make a COnclusion which either proves or disproves 
their Hypothesis.

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 I AM HAVING PROBLEMS LEARNING TO COUNT MONEY 

 Hi,

On the KiddoNet Homework Helper Math Folder, check out the
Fun Brain- Change Maker under the practice menu...a fun way to learn how to count money.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 i need help with  

 Hi,

I love helping kids learn math, so please post your questions
to the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher Board.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math TEacher

 whowas king george III? 

 Here's a lot of information which should help.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

George III (1738-1820), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820), who presided over the loss of Britain's American colonies; he was also elector of Hannover (1760-1815) and, by decision of the Congress of Vienna, king of Hannover (1815-20).

George was born in London on June 4, 1738, the oldest son of Frederick Louis, prince of Wales (1707-51), and the grandson of King George II. The first of the Hannoverian house to be born and educated as an Englishman, he was primarily interested in his royal prerogatives as king of Great Britainóin contradistinction to his two predecessors, to whom Hannover was the main concern. George's aim was to rule as well as reign, and he was a skillful and astute intriguer; by 1763 he had managed to regain many of the powers that strong Whig ministries had appropriated during the reigns of the first two Georges. His problem was that he lacked the self-confidence and the mature statesmanship to form and achieve any long-term policy. After the dismissal of several ministers who did not satisfy him, the king found a firm supporter in Frederick North, 2d earl of Guilford, prime minister from 1770 to 1782. Lord North executed the royal policies that provoked the American Revolution. The unsuccessful conclusion of that protracted conflict forced North to resign, and during the government crisis that followedówhen three cabinets came and went in less than two yearsóthe king himself was almost induced to abdicate. He then took a political gamble by placing the government in the hands of the 24-year-old William Pitt, thereby restoring stability for the rest of the century. In line with his belief in royal authority, George favored the wars with France (1793-1815) that grew out of the French Revolution.

In 1809 the king became blind. As early as 1765 he had suffered an apparent dementia, and in 1788 his derangement recurred to such a degree that a regency bill was passed, but the king recovered the following year. It is now thought likely that he had inherited porphyria, a defect of the metabolism that may in time lead to delirium. In 1811 he succumbed hopelessly, and his son, later George IV, acted as regent for the rest of his reign. George III died at Windsor Palace on January 29, 1820.

 What is red lipmus paper and blue lipmus paper
 

 Dear friend,

LITMUS PAPER , is a paper which can tset for acids or bases.

Red Litmus paper wil turn blue if it is put in a base, and remain red
if it is put in an acid.
Blue Litmus paer will turn red if placed in an acid, and remain blue
if placed in a base.
We call substances like Litmus Paper -INDICATORS,
as they indicate
something about a substance that we are testing. In this
case whether it is an acid or a base.
Ingrid, YOUr Science Helper

 how to make a valcano and info on them 

 Dear Friend,
YOu should put your name and e-mail in!
You can get information from different encyclopedias.
I suggest that you go to the VOlcanoWeb site for kids,
where you can get all the info you need on volcanoes.
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/kids/kids.html,

There are many different ways to make a model of a volcano,
and at the site I gave you above is also a place for ideas,
at   http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_models/models.html
One which I recommend from the above list is shown here:

http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_models/strato.html


Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 how much wood it take to get to austrilia from lewiston,idaho. 

 How much would it take to get to Australia from Lewiston, Idaho?

Maybe look up a travel agent in the yellow pages, call, and ask.
Maybe it'd be $1500 roundtrip through San Francisco.

Mike Online 
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is your name 

 Mike

We don't give personal information, but are pleased to 
answer your homework questions.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Have you read were the red fern grows? 

 Please ask our Homework Helper SCIENCE teacher.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 express each ratio as a fraction
16to20 

 Hi,

We can write the fraction as

  16
 ----
  20

Since 4 divides evenly into the numerator and denominator,
our fraction can be simplified to


   16      4x4     4
  ---- =  ----- = ---
   20      4x5     5

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I don't know how to do germotry 

 Hi,

Geometry is a topic with lots of different areas to learn.
What part of geometry is giving you trouble?  The best way
for me to help you is for you to post geometry questions
from your homework and class work that are giving you trouble.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I don't know how to do gemotry 

 HI,

Geometry is a topic with lots of different areas to learn.
What part of geometry is giving you trouble?  The best way
for me to help you is for you to post geometry questions
from your homework and class work that are giving you trouble.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 i was wondering how old you have to be to get a job.
any job. if i am old enough, ( i am 13) what kinds of jobs can i get.
it would be awsome if i could get the answer adn maybe some tips, 
tanx
hugs from stine 

 Your E-MAIL address should be included before your question, please.

Anyway, my son was a dog-walker and cat and dog sitter and made 
quite a bit of money when he was your age, so that's an idea.
It requires a pretty good love of pets and a schedule you can 
stick to, usually twice a day. 

Ask around, check the neighborhood for pets and 
put up notices.

Good luck.


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

   60inches  =  how  many  feet?
 

 Hi,

Since there are 12 inches in a foot, we do 60/12=5 feet.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need help understanding fractions 

 HI,

To reduce a fraction to simplest form, you need to find the 
largest number that divides evenly into both the numerator(top)
and denominator (bottom).

Let's do an example:

   15
  ----
   20

What's the largest number you can think of that divides into
both 15 and 20?  Let's try 5.

  15    5x3    3
---- = ----- =---
 20     5x4    4

We can cancel the 5/5 because that's equal to 1, so our fraction
in simplest terms is three fourths.

Question:  How do I add and subtract fractions?

In general, to add and subtract fractions you need to have a common denominator(bottom).  Once both fractions are written with the same denominator, to add fractions, simply add the numerators (top) and use the common denominator as your denominator.  To subtract fractions, simply subtract the 
numerators and use the common denominator as your denominator.

We'll do the example 


  5        1
 ---  +   ---
  8        6

These do not have a common denominator.  So, we take the larger
of the two denominators, namely 8.  

6 does not go evenly into 8x1=8.
Does 6 go evenly into 8x2=16?  NO!!!
Does 6 go evenly into 8x3=24?  Yes because 6x4=24.

Now we have found our common denominator of 24.  We must
rewrite each fraction with the denominator of 24.  Since
we multiply 8 by 3 to get 24, we must also multiply the numerator
by 3.

  5     5x3    15
 --- =  --- = ----
  8     8x3    24

 1     1x4    4
--- = -----= ---
 6     6x4    24

Now, we can rewrite our example as

   15        4      
  ---- +    --- 
   24        24     

We add the numerators, and leave the denominator as 24.

Our answer is  19
              ----
               24

Let's change that question to a subtraction question,

  5        1
 ---  -   ---
  8        6

First, we need to find equivalent fractions with our common
denominator.  We've already done this, so our question becomes:

   15        4      15-4     11
  ---- -    --- =  ------ = ----
   24        24      24      24

Question:  How do I multiply fractions?

 To multiply fractions, your answer is 

           product of numerators
          -----------------------
           product of denominators

So,  1     16       1x16
    --- x ----- =  ------ 
     2     25       2x25

                =  16
                  -----
                   50

You can simplify your answer since  is a factor of the numerator and denominator.

      16      2x8        8
    -----  = ------  =  ----
      50      2x25       25


Question:  How do I divide fractions?

 To divide fractions like

  3                    5
 --- divided by ---
  8                    7

the question becomes the same as multiplying the dividend
(in our case 3/8) by the reciprocal (flip) of the divisor
(in our case 5/7).

So, our question becomes

  3     7     3x7      21
 --- x --- = ----- =  ----
  8     5     8x5      40

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 hello its me again in may i asked you for some advice it was good but i didint take it now in school im having problems and wher suposto do math {she gave us pages and now we do it on uor own}and im behind pleas help me 

 HI,

I'd love to help you!!! Please post some specific examples from
your pages, and we'll work through them together.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 WHAT FAMOUS ISLAND DID CEASER INVADE IN 54BC. 

 Crete

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how do you spell laughzania
 

 Close enough.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 5646+5464758698= 

 Hi,

       5646
+5464758698
------------
 5464764344

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 celsius degrees are also called centigrades degrees why? 

 Dear Friend,
Celcius degrees were named after a a Scientist called Celcius
who described this temperature scale , so it is named after him.
However his Temperature scale is a metric scale, in  hundreds,
and CENTI means one hundred ,
therefore it is also called 'centigrade".

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 what is a determiner?
 

 It is something that determines or results in something else
happening.  That's the general definition.  Maybe your teacher
has another meaning which you should ask about.

Thanks for your question. Please keep asking: It's a great
way to learn!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Dear    Kaylee  I  love    you   are   you    going  to   the    zoo 

 Hi,

Please post your specific math questions to the KiddoNet
Ask a Math Teacher Board.

caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 planet pluto 

 Dear Friend,
Go to this site to find info on PLUTO
http://www.deepspace.ucsb.edu/ia/nineplanets/pluto.html

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 When i find an information about the UKRANIA country? I need in thias information the story of this country and his official simbols
 

 Ukraine...Here's a lot of information I hope helps you.  Please
use what you need.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Ukraine, republic, eastern Europe, bounded on the north by Belarus and Russia; on the east by Russia; on the south by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov; on the southwest by Romania and Moldova; and on the west by Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland. Formerly the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Ukraine is a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), which in December 1991 succeeded the USSR. 

With a total area of about 603,700 sq km (about 233,090 sq mi), Ukraine is the second largest country in Europe after Russia. Ukraine includes the Crimean Autonomous Republic, which was elevated from an oblast to a constituent republic in 1991. Kyyiv is the capital and largest city.

Land and Resources
Waterway in Ukraine
Almost the entire country of Ukraine is a vast flat plain, with elevations generally below 300 m (about 984 ft). The Carpathian Mountains intrude at the extreme west, and on the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula are the Crimean Mountains. The highest point in Ukraine is Mt. Hoverla in the Carpathians, with an elevation of 2061 m (about 6762 ft). Most major rivers flow south to the Black Sea; they include the Dnepr River in central Ukraine, the Southern Bug and Dnestr rivers in the west, the Donets River in the east, and the Danube in the far south. The Western Bug, however, flows northward through the western part of the country and joins the Vistula, which empties into the Baltic Sea.

The climate of Ukraine is temperate continental, with a subtropical Mediterranean climate prevalent on the southern portions of the Crimean Peninsula. The average monthly temperature in winter ranges from -8* to 2* C (17.6* to 35.6* F), while summer temperatures average 17* to 25* C (62.6* to 77* F). The Black Sea coast is subject to freezing, and no Ukrainian port is permanently ice-free. Precipitation generally decreases from north to south; it is greatest in the Carpathians, where it exceeds more than 1500 mm (58.5 in) per year, and least in the coastal lowlands of the Black Sea, where it averages less than 300 mm (11.7 in) per year.

Ukraine has extremely fertile black-earth soils in the central and southern portions, totaling nearly two-thirds of the territory. The original vegetation of the area formed three broad belts that crossed the territory of Ukraine latitudinally. Mixed forest vegetation occupied the northern third of the country, forest-steppe the middle portion, and steppe the southern third of the country. Now, however, much of the original vegetation has been cleared and replaced by cultivated crops. Much of the original fauna has also disappeared, but many animal species still remain. Mammals include deer, beaver, and marten. Birds include the Eurasian black vulture, the steppe eagle, and the grey heron.

Population
Ukrainian Folk Dancers
Ukraine
Christian Mural, Ukraine
With a population of 51,704,000 in 1989, Ukraine is the second most populous country of the former USSR. Only Russia has more people. Ukrainians, also known as Little Russians, constitute 72 percent of the population. Ukrainian, a Slavic language closely related to Russian, is the official language, although Russian is widely spoken. Russians constitute 22 percent of the population. Other minorities include Belarusians, Moldovans, Hungarians, Bulgarians, Poles, and Crimean Tatars. Most of the Tatars were forcibly transported to Central Asia in 1944 for anti-Soviet activities during World War II (1939-45). Orthodoxy is the predominant religion in the country, although western Ukrainians are Catholic, as are the Hungarian and Polish minorities. Protestantism, Islam, and Judaism are also practiced.

Ukraine is an urbanized society, with more than two-thirds of the population living in cities and towns. Kyyiv, the capital, is the largest city in Ukraine, with a population of 2,602,000 in 1989. Other large cities include Kharkiv (1,611,000), Dnipropetrovs'k (1,179,000), Odesa (1,115,000), Donets'k (1,110,000), L'viv (790,000), and Mariupol' (517,000). Population growth, however, is low. The growth rate during the late 1980s was the lowest in the former USSR. Health standards, such as life expectancy, are generally positive.

Economy
Electronics Plant, Ukraine
Ukraine's economy is highly industrialized. Industry contributes more than 40 percent of total net material product (NMP) and accounts for more than one-fourth of total employment. Industry is based largely on the republic's vast mineral resources. The Donets'k Basin contains huge reserves of coal, and the nearby iron-ore reserves of Kryvyy Rih are equally rich. Among Ukraine's other mineral resources are manganese, bauxite, titanium, and salt. Coal accounts for roughly 30 percent of the country's energy production, and nuclear power supplies an additional 25 percent. A Soviet program to greatly expand nuclear power-generating capacity in the country was abandoned in the wake of the 1986 accident at Chernobyl'. Despite these domestic sources, the economy is highly dependent on other former Soviet republics for oil and natural gas, the price of which has risen sharply in the early 1990s. The principal manufactures include iron and steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, transportation equipment, textiles, and processed food.

Agriculture accounts for about 30 percent of total NMP and one-fourth of total employment. Ukraine is a major producer and exporter of a wide variety of agricultural products, including wheat and sugar beets. Other crops include potatoes, vegetables, fruit, sunflowers, and flax. Livestock raising is also important. Agricultural production has suffered greatly since independence, however, and domestic food consumption has decreased. NMP declined by about 30 percent in 1992óone of the sharpest drops among the former Soviet republics.

After considerable delay, the process of economic reform began in Ukraine. Prices on food, transportation, and other services were deregulated in January 1993, although food prices remained low in comparison to prices in neighboring countries. The government issued privatization certificates and set up the western city of L'viv as a model for future privatization. A transitional currency, the Karbovanet,  was issued, and plans to issue a final currency, the hryvnia,  were formed. The country's leadership attempted to reestablish close economic ties with former Soviet republics, supporting economic cooperation between the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In July 1993 Ukraine also agreed in principle to establish an economic and customs union with Russia and Belarus.

Government
The governmental system of Ukraine has retained several aspects of the old Soviet-era system. The chief legislature, the 450-member Supreme Council, is composed primarily of former Communists, who were elected in partially free elections in 1990. The post of president, which was created during the last months of the USSR, has been held since 1991 by Leonid Kravchuk, a long-time member of the Communist party who only recently began to support Ukrainian nationalism. The Communist party was officially banned in the country in 1990, but was renamed the Socialist party of Ukraine and has retained political control. Hard-line Communists protested the ban, which was rescinded by the Supreme Council in May 1993. Several important democratic institutions have recently appeared in Ukraine, however, including a free press, a new constitution, and several popular opposition groups, such as Rukh and New Ukraine.

History
The early history of Ukraine is also an important chapter in the history of Russia. Kyyiv was the center of the Rus principality in the 11th and 12th centuries ad, and it is still known as the Mother of Russian Cities. In the 13th century the area was invaded by Tatar-Mongols, who inflicted extensive damage. The western Ukrainian principality of Galicia, founded in the 12th century, suffered less from the Mongol invasion than the rest of the area, and was annexed by Poland in the 14th century. At about the same time Kyyiv and the Ukrainian principality of Volhynia were conquered by Lithuania and later came, with the latter country, into the possession of Poland. Poland, however, could not subjugate the Ukrainian cossacks, who allied themselves with Russia. The lands east of the Dnepr River were ceded to Russia in 1667 (some parts of Ukraine had been annexed by Muscovy much earlier), and the remainder of Ukraine, except for Galicia (part of the Austrian Empire; 1772-1919), was incorporated into the Russian Empire after the second partition of Poland in 1793.

The Ukrainians under Austrian rule in Galicia and Bukovina and in the region of Hungary known as the Carpatho-Ukraine preserved their identity as a separate group and engendered a forceful nationalist movement; in 1917, the Ukrainians in Russia established an independent republic following the Bolshevik Revolution. Austrian Ukraine proclaimed itself a republic in 1918 and was federated with its Russian counterpart; the Allies took little cognizance of Ukrainian claims for Galicia, however, and following World War I (1914-18) awarded that area to Poland. In 1919 the Russian Ukrainian republic, under the leader Simon Petlyura, declared war on Poland. In the same year Ukrainian Communists established a second government and declared the existence of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1920 the advance of the Russian Bolshevik armies caused the Petlyura government and Poland to become allies; they were too weak, however, to prevent the Soviet government from assuming control of the country. In 1922 Communist Ukrainian delegates joined in the formation of the USSR.

In the period between 1922 and 1939 drastic efforts were made by the USSR to suppress Ukrainian nationalism. Ukraine suffered terribly from the forced collectivization of agriculture and the expropriation of foodstuffs from the countryside; the result was the famine of 1932-33, when more than seven million people died. The ultimate goal of Ukrainian nationalism was the independence of a Greater Ukraine, embracing Russian Ukraine, Polish Galicia, and Czechoslovakian Ruthenia.

Following the Soviet seizure of eastern Poland in September 1939, Polish Galicia, comprising nearly 62,160 sq km (24,000 sq mi), was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. When the Germans invaded Ukraine in 1941 during World War II (1939-45), Ukrainian nationalists hoped that an autonomous or independent Ukrainian republic would be set up under German protection. Much to their disappointment, the Germans not only divided Russian Ukraine and West Ukraine (Galicia) but came as hostile conquerors. Ukraine was retaken by the USSR in 1944. In the same year parts of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were added to it, and the Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia was added in 1945. The Ukrainian SSR became a charter member of the United Nations in 1945. The Crimean region in Russia was added to Ukraine in 1954. Communism in the USSR collapsed in 1991. At the end of 1991, the USSR ceased to exist, and Ukraine became an independent republic.

After independence, political tension developed in Ukraine over several domestic and international issues. Crimea, which was part of Russia until 1954, became a source of contention between Moscow and Kyyiv. Shortly after Ukrainian independence in 1991, a Russian-led movement to secede from Ukraine was formed in Crimea, which succeeded in changing the status of the Crimean oblast to an autonomous republic. Crimea also issued a declaration of independence, which was rescinded in May 1992. In the same month, however, the Supreme Soviet of Russia declared the 1954 transfer of Crimea null and void. The Russian Supreme Soviet also laid claim to the Crimean port city of Sevastopol', the home port of the 350-ship Black Sea Fleet, despite an agreement to divide the fleet, which was signed by President Kravchuk and Russian President Boris Yeltsin (1991- ) in August 1992. Conflict between Ukraine and Russia also developed over several other issues, including possession and transfer of nuclear weapons, delivery of Russian fuel to Ukraine, the division of Soviet assets, and military and political integration within the CIS.

A second separatist movement developed in eastern Ukraine, where coal miners and other workers in eastern Ukraine went on strike in June 1993 to protest the poor state of the economy. A political crisis developed within the government over the pace of economic reform in 1993. In May 1993 Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma (1992- ) threatened to resign if he was not granted additional powers. In response to the threat of resignation, President Kravchuk proposed that the Ukrainian parliament grant Kuchma additional executive powers. The parliament rejected Kuchma's resignation and most of Kravchuk's proposals, but they did grant Kravchuk the power to rule by decree on some economic issues.

 This French impressionist
became a lawyer after becoming disillusioned with beliefs at his art school.At the encouragement of his friend Manet, he returned
to art.One of his works is a sketch of his friend. 

 Look up Monet and Renoir and see which one matches your 
description, please.

Mike Online 
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 This mountain is an isolated peak, above the Savanna. 

 I need more information, please.  Above which savanna?  Where?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 This English photographer
moved to San Francisco and took pictures of galloping and jumping horses 

 Eadweard Muybridge

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 This American artist began his career as an illustrator for Harpers weekly.He also covered the United States Civil War in his art. 

 I think you need to ask your librarian about early history
of  Harper's weekly.

I have information on a famous civil war photographer, but I think
that's not what you're looking for.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Brady, Mathew B. (1823?-96), American photographer, noted for his photographs of the American Civil War (1861-65). He was born in Warren County, New York. He experimented with the daguerreotype process and with other discoveries in the field of photography and in 1842 opened a portrait studio in New York City. He photographed most of the famous people of his day, including Abraham Lincoln. As official photographer of the American Civil War, Brady and a number of assistants worked from studios in wagons and traveled with the Union armies. Despite the difficulties and risks involved, they took more than 3500 pictures of battle sites and of soldiers engaged in their daily activities. Brady's collection, a part of which was purchased by the federal government in 1875, is unique in the annals of American photography, both for its magnitude and for its realism. It is the basis of pictorial histories of the Civil War.

 This river connects the German cities of Bonn,
Dusseldorf and Cologne 

 Rhine

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how to do means range and meadians plus mode
 

 Hi,

We'll explain mode, median and mean through an example.  First of all, you need a set of data to find these central tendency statistics.

Let's say we have the following test scores on an 8th grade math test:  45, 90, 85,70,70,90,65,75,70

The mode is the piece of data the appears most frequently.

In this example, which test score appears most often?  70

The median is the middle piece of data when the data has been arranged from lowest to highest (or highest to lowest).

So, first we must re-arrange the data:

    45, 65, 70, 70, 70, 75, 85, 90, 90

When there is an ODD amount of data, we find the middle term exactly.  

In our example, the middle term is 70, so the median is 70.

If we had an EVEN amount of data, we find the middle TWO terms.  We find the sum of the middle two terms and divide by 2...that gives us the median.

To find the mean, we add up all the data, and divide by the numbers of data pieces.

So, in our example,

     45+ 65+ 70+ 70+ 70+ 75+85+90+ 90
    ----------------------------------
                    9
      660
   = -----
       9

  = 73.333....

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 by 1820 how many slavestates and how many free states were there?where were they located? before the civilwar was north carolina ever  a free state? what impact did the american anti-slavery society have on the attitudes toward slavery? did anti-slavery groups exist in north carolina? 

 Please look in your textbook on U.S. History at the page that
probably shows a map of "Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska
Act of 1854," where you will actually see the free and slave 
states and territories and can count them yourself and see where 
they are.

As far as North Carolina is concerned, I would also consult your
textbook BUT also the Homework Helper ENCYCLOPEDIA (look up
North Carolina). You should find what you are looking for before 
and at the Civil War time.  North Carolina, in the Spring of 1861 
joined the confederacy, seceding from (leaving) the Union.  

Anti-slavery groups had the effect of providing hope to slaves and
there were revolts, but it was not until the Civil War was won by
the North that slavery was officially abolished.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 write number as a percent 37 over 50 

 Hi,

You can think of percents as fractions with denominator 100.So we can rewrite the fraction as an equivalent one with denomintor
100.

  37   37x2   74
 --- = ---- = --- = 74%
  50   50x2   100

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 need help with times
tables
 

 Hi,

The person who could come up with an easy way to learn the multiplication table would make a fortune.  

Unfortunately, the only way to learn the table is through hard work and lots and lots and lots of practice.

Learning multiplication tables can be hard until you figure out your own personal style of memorizing.  Some people learn by just looking, some by listening, some by writing over and over. Do you know how you learn best?  

If you learn by writing over and over, then you should write the multiplication facts over and over until you know them by heart.

If you learning by hearing, then you should say the facts out loud over and over until you know them.

If you learn by sight, You can use flash cards to help you memorize them.  Get yourself a stack of 3x5 cards or cut up paper into small cards. For every times that you need to memorize, write the problem on one side and the answer on the other. 

For example

 7x8 on one side
 56 on the other side

Once you have made the cards, Just keep practicing.  If you see 7x8, you say your answer, and then check by flipping the card over to find the answer. 

If you get it right, put it in a separate pile of multiplication facts you know.  If you get it wrong, keep that card in your pile for practicing.  You keep practicing until you don't have any cards in your "don't know, yet" pile.

Don't always do the cards in the same order.  Mix them up.

Or you could just keep saying the multiplication facts to yourself.  Or you could write over and over again the multiplication facts.

Here's a times table to help you:

      |  2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12
  -------------------------------------------------
    2 |  4   6   8  10  12  14  16  18  20  22  24

    3 |  6   9  12  15  18  21  24  27  30  33  36
    
    4 |  8  12  16  20  24  28  32  36  40  44  48
    
    5 | 10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60
    
    6 | 12  18  24  30  36  42  48  54  60  66  72

    7 | 14  21  28  35  42  49  56  63  70  77  84
   
    8 | 16  24  32  40  48  56  64  72  80  88  96
    
    9 | 18  27  36  45  54  63  72  81  90  99 108

   10 | 20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100 110 120

   11 | 22  33  44  55  66  77  88  99 110 121 132

   12 | 24  36  48  60  72  84  96 108 120 132 144

Do you know how to read the table?  There is a column of numbers 2 through 12 and a row of numbers 2 through 12.  To  find the answer to 5x7.  Find the 5 on the column and move your finger to the right until you meet your other finger that is going down from 7 on the row.  Your two fingers should meet at 35.

Good Luck Learning Your Multiplication facts.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 research on black holes 

 Dear Friend,

Here is a cool site which tells you what a black hole is.
It has simple information.
http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/universe_level1/black_holes.html

For some more advanced information on black holes go to this site:
http://www.intothecosmos.com/blackholes/

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Who is the first presedent
 

 Hi,

The first president of the United States of America was
George Washington.

caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 19x7-8+5= 

 Hi,

19x7-8+5

=133-8+5

=125+5

=130

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Who is George Washington Carver? What did he do? 

 I hope this gives you all the information you need. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

George Washington Carver (1864-1943) was an American educator and an outstanding innovator in the agricultural sciences. Carver was born of slave parents near Diamond, Missouri. He left the farm where he was born when he was about ten years old and eventually settled in Minneapolis, Kansas, where he worked his way through high school.

Following his graduation in 1894 from Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (now Iowa State University), Carver joined the college faculty and continued his studies, specializing in bacteriological laboratory work in systematic botany. In 1896 he became director of the Department of Agricultural Research at Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now Tuskegee Institute), where he began an exhaustive series of experiments with peanuts. Carver developed several hundred industrial uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans and developed a new type of cotton known as Carver's hybrid. His discoveries induced southern farmers to raise other crops in addition to cotton. He also taught methods of soil improvement.

In recognition of his accomplishments, Carver was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1923 by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1935 he was appointed collaborator in the Division of Plant Mycology and Disease Survey of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In 1940 he donated all his savings to the establishment of the George Washington Carver Foundation at Tuskegee for research in natural science. Carver died at Tuskegee, on January 5, 1943. His birthplace was established as the George Washington Carver National Monument in 1951.

 HOW DO YOU ADD FRACTIONS? 

 Hi,

In general, to add and subtract fractions you need to have a common denominator(bottom).  Once both fractions are written with the same denominator, to add fractions, simply add the numerators (top) and use the common denominator as your denominator.  To subtract fractions, simply subtract the 
numerators and use the common denominator as your denominator.

We'll do the example 


  5        1
 ---  +   ---
  8        6

These do not have a common denominator.  So, we take the larger
of the two denominators, namely 8.  

6 does not go evenly into 8x1=8.
Does 6 go evenly into 8x2=16?  NO!!!
Does 6 go evenly into 8x3=24?  Yes because 6x4=24.

Now we have found our common denominator of 24.  We must
rewrite each fraction with the denominator of 24.  Since
we multiply 8 by 3 to get 24, we must also multiply the numerator
by 3.

  5     5x3    15
 --- =  --- = ----
  8     8x3    24

 1     1x4    4
--- = -----= ---
 6     6x4    24

Now, we can rewrite our example as

   15        4      
  ---- +    --- 
   24        24     

We add the numerators, and leave the denominator as 24.

Our answer is  19
              ----
               24

Let's change that question to a subtraction question,

  5        1
 ---  -   ---
  8        6

First, we need to find equivalent fractions with our common
denominator.  We've already done this, so our question becomes:

   15        4      15-4     11
  ---- -    --- =  ------ = ----
   24        24      24      24

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 HOW DO YOU ADD FRACTIONS? 

 HI,

In general, to add and subtract fractions you need to have a common denominator(bottom).  Once both fractions are written with the same denominator, to add fractions, simply add the numerators (top) and use the common denominator as your denominator.  To subtract fractions, simply subtract the 
numerators and use the common denominator as your denominator.

We'll do the example 


  5        1
 ---  +   ---
  8        6

These do not have a common denominator.  So, we take the larger
of the two denominators, namely 8.  

6 does not go evenly into 8x1=8.
Does 6 go evenly into 8x2=16?  NO!!!
Does 6 go evenly into 8x3=24?  Yes because 6x4=24.

Now we have found our common denominator of 24.  We must
rewrite each fraction with the denominator of 24.  Since
we multiply 8 by 3 to get 24, we must also multiply the numerator
by 3.

  5     5x3    15
 --- =  --- = ----
  8     8x3    24

 1     1x4    4
--- = -----= ---
 6     6x4    24

Now, we can rewrite our example as

   15        4      
  ---- +    --- 
   24        24     

We add the numerators, and leave the denominator as 24.

Our answer is  19
              ----
               24

Let's change that question to a subtraction question,

  5        1
 ---  -   ---
  8        6

First, we need to find equivalent fractions with our common
denominator.  We've already done this, so our question becomes:

   15        4      15-4     11
  ---- -    --- =  ------ = ----
   24        24      24      24

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What is a beggining middle and End?
 

 Beginning, middle, and end refer to the parts of a story, usually.

The beginning introduces the main characters, the conflict to be 
resolved in the story, the time when the story takes place, the 
setting, and other details to get a reader interested in going on.

The middle develops the story (builds the plot) and has the
characters starting to work things out.

The end revolves the conflict in the story so that a reader feels
he or she has gotten something out of the time spent reading.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 i have to do a project on one chemical on the periodic table i have chosen the chemical boron i have all the info except i can't figure out where u can find it can u please tell me 

 Dear Friend, 
YOu have no name or e-mail address here, so I hope you recieve this.

HEre are pages about Boron on the internet

http://www.gfsnet.org/msweb/itselementary/Boron.html

http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/B.html

http://bookman.com.au/vitamins/boron.html

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 Where can I learn how to make a poster for r.e
 

 What's r.e., please - and what is your topic?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 i am having alot of trouble in ss. what can i do to inprove my grade? 

 Social studies is like most subjects: work input = work output!

The first thing is to realize that even if it doesn't seem 
exciting, you can discover a lot about yourself in social studies.

Can I help you with a specific hard question, please?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What's 8+1 

 Hi,

8+1=9

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Kiddonet,
I need help with my states and capitols, as in Denver,Colorad. Can you help me? 

 Dear Friend,
Ask the Social Science TEacher,
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 i need help making report on ancient vikins 

 Hope this helps!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Vikings, collective designation of Nordic people Danes, Swedes, Norwegiansówho ranged abroad during a period of dynamic Scandinavian expansion in the Middle Ages, from about ad 800 to 1100. Called the Viking Age, the period has long been popularly associated with unbridled piracy, when freebooters came swarming out of the northlands in their predatory longships to burn and pillage their way across civilized Europe. This, however, is now recognized as a gross simplification. Modern scholarship emphasizes the achievements of the Viking Age in terms of Scandinavian art and craftsmanship, marine technology, exploration, and the development of commerceóthe Vikings as traders, not raiders.

Extension of Viking Activities
The derivation of the word Viking is disputed; it may be from Old Norse vÌk  (a bay or creek) or Old English wic  (a fortified trade settlement). Not every Scandinavian, however, was a professional warrior or Viking, and not every Viking was a pirate. The motive causes of Viking Age expansion are complex. Land shortage in Scandinavia, improved iron production, and the need for new markets probably all played a part.

The first recorded Viking raid was a seaborne assault (793) by Norwegian marauders on the Holy Island of Lindisfarne, just off the northeast shoulder of England. Growing evidence indicates, however, that considerable overseas Viking migration, west across the North Sea and east across the Baltic, occurred long before that. Swedish entrepreneurs penetrated the hinterland of Russia, pioneering new trade routes down the Volga and the Dnepr, founding city-states such as Kyyiv and Novgorod, and opening the way to Constantinople and the exotic markets of Arabia and the Far East. In Constantinople, Vikings formed the elite bodyguard of the Byzantine emperors, the feared and famous Varangian Guard. Danish warriors hammered at the cities of the crumbling Carolingian EmpireóHamburg, Dorestad, Rouen, Paris, Nantes, Bordeauxóuntil one of the armies in 911 accepted by treaty huge tracts of land in northern France (now known as Normandy, ìland of the Northmenî) and settled there.

Briefly, under King Canute (Knut) II in the 11th century, a Scandinavian empire of the North Sea was established, comprising England, Denmark, and Norway. Norwegian adventurers joined Danish Vikings in subjugating the whole of northern England (the Danelaw) before settling there as farmers and traders and developing great mercantile cities such as York. They also took over the Northern Isles of Scotland (Shetland and the Orkneys), the Hebrides, and much of mainland Scotland as well. In Ireland they played a lusty part in the internecine squabbles of rival Irish clans, and they founded Ireland's first trading towns: Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, Wicklow, and Limerick. They discovered and settled uninhabited lands in the Atlanticófirst the Faeroes, then Iceland, then Greenland. From Greenland they launched ambitious expeditions to settle on the eastern seaboard of North America (Vinland), but these attempts to colonize the New World 500 years before Columbus were soon abandoned in the face of hostility from the native Indians. Stories of the abortive American venture are recorded in the medieval Icelandic sagas; but little authentic evidence of the Viking presence has been found, apart from substantial traces of a Viking Age settlement at L'Anse-aux-Meadows, in northern Newfoundland. All other Viking finds, such as the Kensington Stone, have been exposed as forgeries or hoaxes, or merely wishful thinking.

Lasting Influences
The impact of the Vikings was less enduring than might have been expected. In general, they had a great capacity for being assimilated into local populations. A century and a half after settling in Normandy, however, their Franco-Viking descendants were strong enough to conquer England (1066) and Sicily (1060-90). The settlers brought to the British Isles energetic art forms, new farming techniques, mercantile acumen, and a vigorous language; Scandinavian traces are still apparent in the dialects of Scotland and northern England. They introduced new forms of administration and justice, such as the jury system; even the word law  is from an Old Norse word. Perhaps the most enduring legacy of the Viking Age is to be found in Iceland, which produced the great medieval literature of the sagas.

In their time the Vikings had crisscrossed half the world in their open boats and vastly extended its horizons. Having achieved that, however, they had neither the manpower nor the staying power, neither the reserves of wealth nor the political experience, neither the cohesion at home nor the confidence abroad, to master effectively the older, richer, more stable states they tried to overrun. Their dynamism was gradually exhausted, and even their swift, magnificent ships were supersededóreplaced by much larger, more prosaic vessels better suited to bulk cargo carrying.

 If the GCD of two whole positive numbers is one what can you say about the LCM ? Explain your resoning. 

 Hi,

I think that you meant to say that the GCF, greatest common
factor, of two whole positive numbers is 1.  That means
that the two numbers have no factors in common except for 1.
When we take the least common multiple or LCM of two numbers,
we can do this by prime factoring each number and figuring out
the taking the product of highest number of times any factor appears in either number...when we have factors in common, our
LCM will be less than simply multiplying the two numbers 
together, but when we don't have any common factors as in this
case, we just multiply the numbers together.

caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How do you divide fractions? 

 HI,

To divide fractions like

  3                    5
 --- divided by ---
  8                    7

the question becomes the same as multiplying the dividend
(in our case 3/8) by the reciprocal (flip) of the divisor
(in our case 5/7).

So, our question becomes

  3     7     3x7      21
 --- x --- = ----- =  ----
  8     5     8x5      40

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Is Mercury a base or not? 

 Dear Friend,
Mercury is not a  base.
Here is some information about Mercury at this website.


http://www.hermograph.com/science/mercury3.htm
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 What makes swimming the perfect sport? 

 Dear Friend,
As far as I know, but I am not a gymnastics expert,
Swimming uses most of our muscles , but does not overstrain them.
The following website will give you more info on why
it is thought of often as the perfect way to exercise.
http://www.psghs.edu/pubtips/S/SWIMMINGTHEPERFECTEXERCISE.htm

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Why do people need glasses? 

 Dear Friends,
People need glasses to help them see better.
Some peoples eyes are unable to focus properly,
and so what they see is blurred or not clear.
THey may be shortsigted or long sighted or have some other
eye condition which prevents clear vision.
In both of these cases the correct lens in glasses will 
help to focus what they are looking at, and they will
be able to see normally.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 How do flowers attract insects? 

 Dear Friend,
They attract them in various ways,:
some insects are attracted by the color or the patterns
on the flowers, while others are attracted to the perfume they
five off, and also to the taste of their nectar,

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 What are the imports and exports to Mexico and from Mexico? 

 Mexico imports heavy and high tech equipment, like cars, 
machinery, planes, computers and exports tequila, woven goods, 
artwork, and has a large tourist industry.  That is not the 
whole picture, however; if you want more information, 
an encyclopedia will help or go to yahoo.com and search
Mexico imports and exports.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 How big is Mexico compared to Canada? 

 Please look at a map of the Western Hemisphere.  Mexico is about
a tenth of the size of Canada.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper.

 Give me all information on Mars if you can please and A.S.A.P 

 Dear Friend (you forgot your name)
Here is a cool site you can use to find info on MArs

http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/solar_system_level2/mars.html

This site has still more info for you,
http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/mars.html

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 how to build a catipult
 

 I think this is really a science question so I would recommend
our SCIENCE Homework Helper teacher.  

Actually, two spoons lined up next to a glass and then you hit
one spoon and the one closest to the glass flips into the glass,
if you hit it right -- that's a kind of catapult.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is Bob Neslage's political party? 

 Please try www.yahoo.com 
and scroll down to their 
SEARCH engine.  Then 
type in BOB NESLAGE.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homewokr Helper

 where can i find info on the cougar animal, the limiting factors of the environment
 

 Dear Friend,

Here are a few sites about cougars.
You should be able to find out which are the limiting factors by reading
the material in the first website.
http://www.cptigers.org/animals/cougar.html
http://www.fishbc.com/adventure/wilderness/animals/cougar.htm
http://www.cptigers.org/animals/cougar.html
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~davidk/eng198/cougar.html

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 my handwriting is 
not very good.how
can I improve it? 

 Let your grandma help you - or some older person.  Handwriting 
used to be very important to people, less so now.  Of course you
can also look in a bookstore and ask for a book on handwriting.

A good teacher and practice using your fingers and wrist is what 
it's all about.  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how to x fractions. 

 Hi,

To multiply fractions, your answer is 

           product of numerators
          -----------------------
           product of denominators

So,  1     16       1x16
    --- x ----- =  ------ 
     2     25       2x25

                =  16
                  -----
                   50

You can simplify your answer since  is a factor of the numerator and denominator.

      16      2x8        8
    -----  = ------  =  ----
      50      2x25       25


Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What is 3% of 900 ? 

 Hi,

Since 3% is 3/100, 3% of 900 is

   3    900     3*900    2700
  --- * --- = ------- = ------ = 270
  100    1      100*1    100

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 i need alot of help w/ my math we r doing+-fractions thanks 

 Hi,

In general, to add and subtract fractions you need to have a common denominator(bottom).  Once both fractions are written with the same denominator, to add fractions, simply add the numerators (top) and use the common denominator as your denominator.  To subtract fractions, simply subtract the 
numerators and use the common denominator as your denominator.

We'll do the example 


  5        1
 ---  +   ---
  8        6

These do not have a common denominator.  So, we take the larger
of the two denominators, namely 8.  

6 does not go evenly into 8x1=8.
Does 6 go evenly into 8x2=16?  NO!!!
Does 6 go evenly into 8x3=24?  Yes because 6x4=24.

Now we have found our common denominator of 24.  We must
rewrite each fraction with the denominator of 24.  Since
we multiply 8 by 3 to get 24, we must also multiply the numerator
by 3.

  5     5x3    15
 --- =  --- = ----
  8     8x3    24

 1     1x4    4
--- = -----= ---
 6     6x4    24

Now, we can rewrite our example as

   15        4      
  ---- +    --- 
   24        24     

We add the numerators, and leave the denominator as 24.

Our answer is  19
              ----
               24

Let's change that question to a subtraction question,

  5        1
 ---  -   ---
  8        6

First, we need to find equivalent fractions with our common
denominator.  We've already done this, so our question becomes:

   15        4      15-4     11
  ---- -    --- =  ------ = ----
   24        24      24      24

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What was the significance of the Charters of the Virginia Company of London? 

 I'm afraid this is all I could find.  It's probably not
what you're looking for so I would check with your librarian
or maybe go to:    http://www.askjeeves.com   and ask you question.

The Virginia Resolutions were drawn up by James Madison, later the fourth U.S. president. They also said that states had the right to interfere with any alleged unconstitutional exercise of power by the federal government. Madison wrote, ìthat, in a case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers not granted by the said compact, the states, who are parties thereto, have the right and are in duty bound to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil.î

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, when presented for approval to the legislatures of the other states, were largely ignored or rejected. The principles stated in the resolutions later formed the basis of the doctrines of states' rights, nullification, and secession.

 how fast do messages travel to your brain 

 Der Friend,
The messages travel at about 100-150 meters an hour,
THis means that they reach your brain in a very short time,
as little as 1/1000 of a second.
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 how many bones make up the skull of a human adult 

 Dear Friend,

There are about 13 bones in the  human skull,
Take a look at the diagrams in the website below.

http://www.ama-assn.org/insight/gen_hlth/atlas/newatlas/skull.htm

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 how do you make a life size catapult, that can shoot a golf ball 15ft or more please include a diagram. 

 Dear Friend,
I myself do not know, but I found you a website
which has explanations, instructions and a drawing.
See if you are able to use it to get the info
which you need.
http://www.mdk12.org/practices/support_success/general/performance_based/teacher_created/ready_aim/resourcebooklet.html
 Good Luck, and let me know if it worked,
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Can you tell me about dolphin extinction? 

 Dear Friend,
Many SPecies of Dophins are facing extinction.

Read these articles and see the sites for information on the subject.
http://members.aol.com/marmamnews/96042501.html
http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/dolphins990604.html
http://www.isptr-pard.org/dolphin.html

http://www.human-dolphin.org/dolphin_facts/basic.html
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 What is life science all about 

 Dear Friend,
Life Science ia all the branche of science which researches and
explains about living things.
There are many branches of Life Science, for example:
Botany-the study of plants
Zoology-the study of animals
Genetics- the study of heredity (inheritance of characteristics)
Ecology- The study of living things and the environment.
There are also many other branches of Life Science which
we can study,
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 What was Anciant Egypt good for? 

 A great deal!

Here is some background.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

A Golden Age
The 3d Dynasty was the first of the Memphite houses, and its second ruler, Zoser, or Djoser (reigned about 2737-2717 bc), emphasized national unity by balancing northern and southern motifs in his mortuary buildings at Saqqara. His architect, Imhotep, used stone blocks rather than traditional mud bricks in the complex there, thus creating the first monumental structure of stone; its central element, the Step Pyramid, was Zoser's tomb. In order to deal with affairs of state and to administer construction projects, the king began to develop an effective bureaucracy. In general, the 3d Dynasty marked the beginning of a golden age of cultural freshness and vigor.

The 4th Dynasty began with King Snefru (reigned about 2680-2640 bc), whose building projects included the first true pyramid at Dahshur (south of Saqqara). Snefru, the earliest warrior king for whom extensive documents remain, campaigned in Nubia and Libya and was active in the Sinai. Promoting commerce and mining, he brought prosperity to the kingdom. Snefru was succeeded by his son Khufu (or Cheops), who built the Great Pyramid at Giza. Although little else is known of his reign, that monument not only attests to his power but also indicates the administrative skills the bureaucracy had gained. Khufu's son Redjedef (reigned about 2613-2603 bc) introduced the solar element (Ra, or Re) in the royal titulary and the religion. Khafre (or Chephren), another son of Khufu, succeeded his brother to the throne and built his mortuary complex at Giza. The remaining rulers of the dynasty included Menkaure, or Mycerinus (reigned about 2578-2553 bc), who is known primarily for the smallest of the three large pyramids at Giza.

Under the 4th Dynasty, Egyptian civilization reached a peak in its development, and this high level was generally maintained by the following Memphites. The splendor of the engineering feats of the pyramids was approximated in every other field of endeavor, including architecture, sculpture, painting, navigation, the industrial arts and sciences, and astronomy; Memphite astronomers first created a solar calendar based on a year of 365 days. Old Kingdom physicians also displayed a remarkable knowledge of physiology, surgery, the circulatory system of the body, and antiseptics.

 HOW DO WE DO SCIENCE? 

 Dear Friend,
We have to do research.
This means that we have to observe very carefully the thing we want to study,
and to write down our observations.
We  then can try and explain our observations, but we 
must do experiments to try and prove our explanations are right.
Learning about science is learning to understand the structure of everything
in this world and how it reacts or behaves,
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 IN SCHOOL WHY DO WE HAVE TO DO MATH? 

 Hi,

Math teaches different techniques for thinking as well as
useful skills for life.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Can you explain animal extinction and some thoeries about it? and some main causes for it? 

 Dear Friend,
When a certain species of animals dies out over a period of time,
or even suddenly and  no longer exist,we call this extinction.
In some cases it is very easy to find out what the reasons for
extinction are, while in other cases it is more difficult to know,
particularly when the animals became extinct in the distant past,

One of the main reasons today for extinction is the action that we
humans take in the environment, all the way from hunting certain
animals (example-elephants for their tusksO to cutting down trees,
(deforestation0 and so removing the homes and food of hundreds of
different animals.
Here are some sites with info on animal extinctions.
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~vpolicic/Deforestation.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/25014/english.index.shtml
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 dad 

 Hi,

I love helping kids learn math, so post your specific
math homework questions that are troubling you to the KiddoNet
Ask a Math Teacher.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 mom 

 Hi,

I love helping kids learn math, so post your specific
math homework questions that are troubling you to the KiddoNet
Ask a Math Teacher.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Who was the Thirteenth president?








 

 Millard Fillmore

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What was the Louisiana Purchase and how much land did it take up?
What is Japan's Capital City? 

 Louisiana Purchase, vast region in North America purchased by the United States from France in 1803. Some 2,100,000 sq km (more than 800,000 sq mi) in area, the territory comprised present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, nearly all of Kansas, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River but including New Orleans.

Tokyo is the capital and largest city in Japan.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how do you change mix numbers to simplest forms?ex:4 1
           -
           16 

 Hi,

You can change mixed numbers into an improper fraction.

By our fraction we know that we are dividing whole units into
16 equal parts. So, if we have 4 whole units, we have divided
each one into 16 parts, totally 4x16=64 parts...we then have 1
more part, namely 64+1=65 parts...we've divided each whole
into 16 pieces, so our improper fraction is 65/16

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 (I just want to make sure)what's the difference between low tides and high tides?I know that when it's low tide the water is high and when it's high tide the water is low and that the moon has the strongest pull when it's under water (or something)thank you. 

 Dear Friend,
No you are not correct.
Low tides are when the water is low.
HIgh tides are when the water is high!!!
Have a look at these sites to see how the pull of the moon
effects the tides
http://www.howstuffworks.com/question72.htm
http://www.boatsafe.com/kids/tides.htm
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 what is the ivory do in the flower? 

 Dear friend,
I am sure that you mean
What does the OVARY do in the flower?
The OVARY is the part where the eggcells of the
flower develop and after the flower is pollinated , these
egg cells develop into seeds.WHen we plant the
seeds they grow into new flowers.
So the Ovary is responsible for
 Reproduction of the plant
(together with the pollen from the stamen)

Have a look at this website, and at the drawings there.
http://bio2000.ucdavis.edu/plb11-99/Flowers/flowers.htm

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 Eight divited by seven?  

 Hi,

8/7 

7 only goes into 8 one time, so our answer is 1 with a remainder
of 1.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Kiddonet Teacher
Career Day is coming up at my school May 19th. 
Can you recommend any good websites on careers?
(Something on the level of
3-5 grade)
Thanks! 

 Good question and an interesting project!

Try asking at 

http://www.askjeeves.com

or ask your librarian for information or maybe go to a 
bookstore and ask.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 6 DIMES = ? 

 Hi,

1 dimes is 10 cents, so 6 dimes is 10+10+10+10+10+10=60 cents

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 matthew is half as old as Alan. If the sum of their ages is 54 , find their ages.

(can you please send me answer today please) 

 Hi,

x=Matthew's Age
2x=Alan's age...this way Matthew is half of Alan's age

x+2x=54

3x=54

x=54/3

x=18

Matthew is 18 and Alan is 36.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 WHAT IS LANGUAGE ARTS? 

 Having fantastic control of English (or whatever language it is). 


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 How did Florida get it's name??????? 

 
Thanks for the question and here is your answer.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 In 1513 the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon named the region 
Florida (Spanish, flowery), either because the vegetation 
included many flowers or because the time of his visit was Easter 
week (Spanish, Pascua florida). Florida is known as the Sunshine 
State.

 why does it rain? 

 Dear Friend,

It rains when air vapor which has collected together 
in clouds cools down enough to condense into drops of water.
These drops are too heavy to remain in the cloud of vapor, and so it
begins to rain.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

Inrid, Your Science HElper

 I don't understand math!
Can you help! 

 Hi,

I would love to help you understand math.  Just post
your specific math quesitons to the KiddoNet Ask a Math 
Teacher board.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 who is god? 

 God is not a who; God, according to all major recognized religions
is a force that is both all-powerful and all-knowing, all-merciful
and all-judging, the creator of all and the end of all.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Ineed to study for a test. 

 Hi,

When doing homework or studying for a test, be prepared.  Find yourself a quiet place with a bit of space to spread out your class notes, your text book, your calculator and other useful tools.  Make sure that you have enough light and music, if you like.  If you have a hard time concentrating, get yourself a timer, and take breaks to keep your energy level up high.  

Test Preparation:

A very useful tool that you can create is a page of important information learned in the math unit.  If you make one for each unit, then when you need to study for finals, you have everything organized.  You can reference this sheet as you study.

If your teacher provides you with review questions, then those are the first examples you should try.  Then re-try any and all quizzes from the unit.  If you still have time and energy to study some more, you can do select homework questions that gave you trouble the first time around.  It’s a good idea to mark on your homework with a colored pen those questions that gave you trouble, so you can work on them at a later time, or you can keep a separate sheet with questions that stumped you at first.

You can do homework, or study for tests with your friends....this way you can help one another and improve your own learning at the same time.

Test Taking:

Before you do anything, take a deep breath and try to relax.

Read over the ENTIRE test before answering any questions.  While you read the test, you should mark questions as easy, medium and hard.  Then you should proceed to answer the easy questions first, then the medium and lastly the hard.  By doing this, you spend your precious test taking time being useful and as you succeed in solving the easier questions you build confidence.  

When you finish answering as many questions as you can, turn the test over and relax for a few minutes.  Then go over your answers careful to check for mistakes.  If you think that perhaps maybe you should have tried a different approach, typically, trust your first instinct.

Try to keep in mind that no one test is the determining factor of whom you are.  Be satisfied always that you did the very best you could under the circumstances.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How do you rename each mixed number as an improper fraction? 

 Hi,

Let's do an example:
     3
   2---
     5

This number means that we have 2 whole units and a part of
another whole unit.  That means we need three whole units
to visualize this number.  Since our part is 3/5 let's
divide each of the whole units into 5 pieces each.

  -------------------
 |   |   |   |   |   |
  -------------------

  -------------------
 |   |   |   |   |   |
  -------------------


  -------------------
 |   |   |   |   |   |
  -------------------

Now, let's fill in the two whole ones, and three of the five
on the last whole one.

  -------------------
 | * | *  | * | * | * |
  -------------------


  -------------------
 | * | *  | * | * | * |
  -------------------

  -------------------
 | * | *  | * |   |   |
  -------------------

How many of these little 1/5 pieces are colored?  Well, 13 are
so our number 
     3     13
   2--- = ----
     5      5

You can also do this numerically, by taking 5x2=10, then add
the 3 to get 10+3=13.  So, you would have 13/5

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 WHAT WAS THE  23  12  &  14 PRESIDENT? 

 12th = Zachary Taylor

14th = Franklin Pierce

23rd = Benjamin Harrison

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Who was the president of the 1950's? 

 Dwight David Eisenhower for most of the 1950's
He was a General in World War 2, became popular, and was
elected President after Harry Truman in '53 until 1961.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 I need a fraction bar for my homework. I am doing greater than or less than. 

 Hi,

For instance, if I want to order 3/4,5/8 and
7/12, then first we find a common denominator.

I'll start with the largest denominator of 12.  Does both
4 and 8  divide evenly into it?  No, so let's double 12 to
24. Do 4, 8 and 12 divide evenly into 24?  Yes, so that's
our least common denominator.

  3    3*6       18
 --- =----- =   -----
  4    4*6        24

  5    5*3      15
 --- =---- =   ---- 
  8    8*3      24

  7    7*2       14
 --- = --- =    ----
  12   12*2      24

Now, that we have a common denominator, we can
order then by looking at the numerators and putting them
in order from smallest to largest...

7/12, 5/8 and 3/4

If we had fractions that had the same numerator, we would
just have to compare the denominators.

2/5,2/7 and 2/11

Think about what the denominator means...it means cut
the whole into that many pieces.  So when we cut the whole
into 11 pieces, those pieces will be smaller than if I cut
the whole into 7 pieces, and those will be smaller than if
I cut the whole into 5 pieces.

So, the order from smallest to biggest is

2/11, 2/7 and 2/5  [we're taking equal number of pieces, so
we can just compare the denominator]

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what do you do when someone asked you to subtrack 4-7 

 Hi,

In 4th grade, since 7 is greater than 4, then you can't take
it away from 4 with the whole numbers.  It's questions like
these that motivate the development of what's called the
negative numbers.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 can you please tell me about the salem witch trials 

 In 1692, just about everyone in America and Europe believed in
witchcraft.  In Salem, Massachusetts, some girls, which the 
townspeople thought were of shady reputation, were accused of
witchcraft by ministers.  During the summer of 1692, 19 of the
accused, including an old man, George Jacobs, were hanged.  That 
fall the witches not hanged changed their story and confessed they 
were lying by accusing others of witchcraft.  It was basically a
case of some accused people trying to save their own skin by accusing
others.

If you want to find out more, there is a great play, called 
"The Crucible," by Arthur Miller about the trials.  It's mainly 
about John Proctor, who under a lot of pressure REFUSES to name 
names and contribute to the hysteria.  Miller wrote the play 
partly, by the way, to parallel the McCarthy communist witchhunt 
of the early 1950's when the country was afraid of communist 
takeover and stealing secrets and brainwashing the country. This 
resulted in some very famous people losing their jobs.  An early 
film by Woody Allen was about this Senator McCarthy witchhunt.

It's interesting how lies and panic can get started and false 
accusations result that can ruin or kill people. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is an ion 

 Dear Friend,

An ion is an atom which has an electrical charge on it.
They have electrical charges because they have extra electrons.
Elctrons are very very tiny particles which have negative charges.
If ou have a look at the following website, you will learn
more about ions. If it is too difficult as you are only in 1st 
grade, then get someone to help you with it.
http://www.chem4kids.com/atoms/ions.html
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 what is a adverb and a noun 

 An adverb modifies a verb and usually ends in ly.

EXAMPLE: He eats SLOWLY.

A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.

EXAMPLES:  Joe, boy, St.Paul, city, toy, philosophy, anger

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 can you please tell me about the salem witch trials 

 In 1692, just about everyone in America and Europe believed in
witchcraft.  In Salem, Massachusetts, some girls, which the 
townspeople thought were of shady reputation, were accused of
witchcraft by ministers.  During the summer of 1692, 19 of the
accused, including an old man, George Jacobs, were hanged.  That 
fall the witches not hanged changed their story and confessed they 
were lying by accusing others of witchcraft.  It was basically a
case of some accused people trying to save their own skin by accusing
others.

If you want to find out more, there is a great play, called 
"The Crucible," by Arthur Miller about the trials.  It's mainly 
about John Proctor, who under a lot of pressure REFUSES to name 
names and contribute to the hysteria.  Miller wrote the play 
partly, by the way, to parallel the McCarthy communist witchhunt 
of the early 1950's when the country was afraid of communist 
takeover and stealing secrets and brainwashing the country. This 
resulted in some very famous people losing their jobs.  An early 
film by Woody Allen was about this Senator McCarthy witchhunt.

It's interesting how lies and panic can get started and false 
accusations result that can ruin or kill people. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 why is science so fun 

 Maybe it's because there's always the possibility of surprise!

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 My daughter is 8 years old and in the second grade. The teacher gives them time tests on math and she never gets enough problems done. Can you suggest anything to help her. 

 Dear Mom,

I suggest that you speak directly with your daughter's
teacher about this to try and diagnose her difficulty.  Does
she in fact understand the material, but it takes her longer
than most children to answer the questions?  Are all the other
children unable to finish the test as well?  Are there other
ways besides "testing" that the teacher can evaluate your
daughter's understanding.

At home, you can see how much homework your daughter is getting.
See how long it takes her to do questions at home...watch
your daughter work and ask her to verbally explain what
she is doing, so you can understand what she understands
and doesn't understand.  Also, talk to your daughter about
how she feels about her math performance.  We certainly don't
want to discourage her.

Good Luck.
Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 can you please tell me about the salem witch trials 

 In 1692, just about everyone in America and Europe believed in
witchcraft.  In Salem, Massachusetts, some girls, which the 
townspeople thought were of shady reputation, were accused of
witchcraft by ministers.  During the summer of 1692, 19 of the
accused, including an old man, George Jacobs, were hanged.  That 
fall the witches not hanged changed their story and confessed they 
were lying by accusing others of witchcraft.  It was basically a
case of some accused people trying to save their own skin by accusing
others.

If you want to find out more, there is a great play, called 
"The Crucible," by Arthur Miller about the trials.  It's mainly 
about John Proctor, who under a lot of pressure REFUSES to name 
names and contribute to the hysteria.  Miller wrote the play 
partly, by the way, to parallel the McCarthy communist witchhunt 
of the early 1950's when the country was afraid of communist 
takeover and stealing secrets and brainwashing the country. This 
resulted in some very famous people losing their jobs.  An early 
film by Woody Allen was about this Senator McCarthy witchhunt.

It's interesting AND SAD how lies and panic can get started and 
false accusations result that can ruin or kill people. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 hello i am 8yrs. old and i am teaching my brother the alphabet but i can't find anything about the alphabet on this site can you help me? 

 It's real nice what you're doing.  If you know the alphabet,
then start by having him recite it.  Then have him write it 
down.  Then make simple words.  Then look them up in a simple
dictionary to see if they are spelled right.  Keep praising him.
Maybe ask your mother for help (but not today, Mother's Day).

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 WHAT IS THE EASIEST WAY TO DO DIVISION? 

 Hi,

Division is the reverse of multiplication.

To figure 16/2 out, you ask yourself what do I multiply 2 by to get 16 as an answer.

If you don't know the answer to that right away, you try figuring it out.

2x2=4  not it!!!
2x3=6  not it!!!
2x4=8  not it!!!
2x5=10 not it!!!
2x6=12 not it!!!
2x7=14 not it!!!
2x8=16  YEAH!!!

Since 2x8=16, then 16/2 is 8.

To learn division it's very helpful to know your multiplication tables well.

Let's try another example of 72 divided by 4.

To write 72 divided by 4 or 4 into 72,  
             ____
we write   4|72


Now, does 4 go into the 7?  Yes!!! 
How many times does 4 go into 7?  1 time

                       1_
So, we write  4|72 

Now, we multiply the 4x1=4, and write that 4 right below the seven and subtract.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              3

Now, we bring down the 2.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32

Once we do that we ask ourselves does 4 go into 32?  Yes?

How many times?  8

So, we write the 8 above the 2 in the number 72.


              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32


Now, we multipy the 4X8=32, and write that 32 right below the 32 and subtract.

              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32
             -32
             ----
               0

You should always do a check to make sure your answer is correct.  Is 4*18=72?

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Which one is the verb?hopping or jumping? 

 Both are part of verbs:

I am hopping.
I am jumping.

If you need more help, It'd be a good idea to look at a 
grammar book.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how does a division question like multiplacation? 

 HI,

if we have the question, 12/4=3 then the related multiplication
question is 3x4=12

Division is the reverse process of multiplication.

Caralee:)
YOur KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what do you teach about math in 9 grade 

 Hi,

Topics in 9th grade math can include, integers, pre-algebra,
algebra, logic, geometry, probability, statistics, equation
solving, graphs of lines.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need help with my multipcaion and my dividing 

 Hi,

I can help you best if you pos specific examples of 
multipication and division that are giving you trouble.

The person who could come up with an easy way to learn the multiplication table would make a fortune.  

Unfortunately, the only way to learn the table is through hard work and lots and lots and lots of practice.

Learning multiplication tables can be hard until you figure out your own personal style of memorizing.  Some people learn by just looking, some by listening, some by writing over and over. Do you know how you learn best?  

If you learn by writing over and over, then you should write the multiplication facts over and over until you know them by heart.

If you learning by hearing, then you should say the facts out loud over and over until you know them.

If you learn by sight, You can use flash cards to help you memorize them.  Get yourself a stack of 3x5 cards or cut up paper into small cards. For every times that you need to memorize, write the problem on one side and the answer on the other. 

For example

 7x8 on one side
 56 on the other side

Once you have made the cards, Just keep practicing.  If you see 7x8, you say your answer, and then check by flipping the card over to find the answer. 

If you get it right, put it in a separate pile of multiplication facts you know.  If you get it wrong, keep that card in your pile for practicing.  You keep practicing until you don't have any cards in your "don't know, yet" pile.

Don't always do the cards in the same order.  Mix them up.

Or you could just keep saying the multiplication facts to yourself.  Or you could write over and over again the multiplication facts.

Here's a times table to help you:

      |  2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12
  -------------------------------------------------
    2 |  4   6   8  10  12  14  16  18  20  22  24

    3 |  6   9  12  15  18  21  24  27  30  33  36
    
    4 |  8  12  16  20  24  28  32  36  40  44  48
    
    5 | 10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60
    
    6 | 12  18  24  30  36  42  48  54  60  66  72

    7 | 14  21  28  35  42  49  56  63  70  77  84
   
    8 | 16  24  32  40  48  56  64  72  80  88  96
    
    9 | 18  27  36  45  54  63  72  81  90  99 108

   10 | 20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100 110 120

   11 | 22  33  44  55  66  77  88  99 110 121 132

   12 | 24  36  48  60  72  84  96 108 120 132 144

Do you know how to read the table?  There is a column of numbers 2 through 12 and a row of numbers 2 through 12.  To  find the answer to 5x7.  Find the 5 on the column and move your finger to the right until you meet your other finger that is going down from 7 on the row.  Your two fingers should meet at 35.

Good Luck Learning Your Multiplication facts.



Division is the reverse of multiplication.

To figure 16/2 out, you ask yourself what do I multiply 2 by to get 16 as an answer.

If you don't know the answer to that right away, you try figuring it out.

2x2=4  not it!!!
2x3=6  not it!!!
2x4=8  not it!!!
2x5=10 not it!!!
2x6=12 not it!!!
2x7=14 not it!!!
2x8=16  YEAH!!!

Since 2x8=16, then 16/2 is 8.

To learn division it's very helpful to know your multiplication tables well.

Let's try another example of 72 divided by 4.

To write 72 divided by 4 or 4 into 72,  
             ____
we write   4|72


Now, does 4 go into the 7?  Yes!!! 
How many times does 4 go into 7?  1 time

                       1_
So, we write  4|72 

Now, we multiply the 4x1=4, and write that 4 right below the seven and subtract.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              3

Now, we bring down the 2.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32

Once we do that we ask ourselves does 4 go into 32?  Yes?

How many times?  8

So, we write the 8 above the 2 in the number 72.


              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32


Now, we multipy the 4X8=32, and write that 32 right below the 32 and subtract.

              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32
             -32
             ----
               0

You should always do a check to make sure your answer is correct.  Is 4*18=72?

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need to write a report on the civil war 

 That's a huge topic which you probably should narrow down.

The basic information can be found in your textbook with perhaps
more detailed information in the encyclopedia.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 why is your backbone so important to you 

 Dear Friend,
THe backbone helps support your body and hold you upright.

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 How are reptiles relted to amphibians? 

 Dear Friend,
The reptiles evolved (developed ovwer a long period of time)
From an amphibian like animal. And this is why they are related
Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 y+x=-8 

 Hi,

y+x=-8 is an equation of a line with slope -1

It crosses the y-axis at y=-8 and crossing the x-axis at
x=-8

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Please help me. How do I find the anwser to get the anwser like (example) What is 75% out of 80% Thank you  

 Hi,

I think you mean 75% of 80.

You can do this in two ways....75% is 75/100 or 0.75

So, you can multiply 75% by 80


    75     80     75*80   6000
   --- *  ---- = -------= ----  = 60
   100     1      100*1    100

Or  80*0.75=60

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How can an American become a nationalistic? 

 What is your definition of nationalist?  Someone who believes 
everything American does is right?  I'm sorry but I don't know
what you mean exactly.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how do you get youre grades up.
 

 You decide whether you want to study seriously and consistently,
not just in a spurt of enthusiasm.  Then you study a little at 
a time, but keep it up, until you gradually begin to see steady
progress, which is a great feeling of accomplishment.  Use your 
time well, get a study partner, keep good notes, and other ideas 
are also helpful.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is 40% of 20009 

 Hi,

40% of 20009 means 0.4*20009=8003.6

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 how many quarts are in 10 pints? 

 Hi,

Each quart has 2 pints.  So for every 2 pints, we have
1 quart.  So, 10 pints = 2+2+2+2+2 pints = 5 quarts

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 How was Sam Houston killed? 

 I found only this information.
Maybe go to http://www.askjeeves.com and ask.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

When Texas was admitted as a state of the Union in 1845, Houston was elected one of its first senators, serving from 1846 to 1859. In the latter year he was elected governor of Texas. As such, he opposed secession of the state from the Union, and in March 1861, after the outbreak of the American Civil War, he refused to swear allegiance to the Confederacy; he was then declared deposed. He died at Huntsville on July 26, 1863. The city of Houston was named in his honor.

 how to add and subtract like mixed number "frations"?  

 Hi,

4 and 1/3 + 2 and 4/9.

We can do this problem of adding mixed numerals by first adding
the fractions, and then the whole numbers.

To add the fractions we need to find a common denominator.
That common denominator is 9.  So, we need to rewrite 1/3 as
an equivalent fraction with 9 as it's denominator.

 1     1x3    3
--- = ---- = ---
 3     3x3    9

So, our question becomes

       3
    4 ---
       9

       4
 +  2 ---
       9
-------------

Let's add the fractions!  To add fractions with a common 
denominator, we add the numerators, and write it with the
common denominator.  So in our case 3+4=7 is our numerator and 9
our denominator.

becomes

       3
    4 ---
       9

       4
 +  2 ---
       9
-------------
       7
      ---
       9

Now, let's add the whole numbers, namely 4+2=6.

       3
    4 ---
       9

       4
 +  2 ---
       9
-------------
       7
    6 ---
       9


Let's chance the same question into a subtraction one.

So, we have 4 and 1/3 - 2 and 2/9

Let's find rewrite these mixed numeral with the common denominator to get.


       3
    4 ---
       9

       4
 -  2 ---
       9
-------------

We can't take 4/9 away from 3/9, so we must borrow 1 whole
from the four.  1 whole = 9/9, so we now have 12/9 in the
fraction and 3 in the whole.


      12
    3 ---
       9

       4
 -  2 ---
       9
-------------

Now we can take 4/9 away from 12/9 and get 8/9.
We subtract the 2 whole from the 3 to get 1.


       3
    4 ---
       9

       4
 -  2 ---
       9
-------------

       8
   1  ---
       9



Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Helper

 How do the north and south poles on a magnet stick together 

 Dear Friend,

A magent consists of many tiny molecules each with two sides.
a POSTIVE side +  (it has a postive electrical charge on it)
and a NEGATIVE side - (it has a negative electrical charge on it)


And they line up like this in the magnet,

-======+ -=====+ -=====+ -======+ -=====+

So In the end the one end of the magnet has a NEGATIVE charge
and the other end of the magent has a POSITIVE charge,
as you see in the diagram above.

OPPOSITE CHARGES (Negative and Positive) always attract eachothr
this means that they pull each other.
So of we have two magnets the SOUTH POLE of one magnet
will pull to it the NOTH pole of the other magnet, as they
have opposite charges.

INgrid, Your Science Helper

 what is 30 plus 30
 

 Hi,

30+30=60

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what are the rules for alphabetical order? 

 Use first letter of the word first; then go to the second letter of
the word, and so on, if necessary.

Look at a dictionary and you'll get the idea how it's done./

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is 3,000,000,00X100= 

 Hi,

Whenever you multiply a number by 100 just add two zeroes
to the end of that number.

So, 3,000,000,00X100 = 30000000000

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Ok I can't find out the answer to this problem. Can you please figure it out? The problem is....

"How can you put  15 mice into 4 cages. The numbers in the cage have to be odd. (Hint:The answer is very unusual.)"
Thank you please e-mail me back A.S.A.P
Sincerely,
Caitlin 

 Dear Caitlin,

If we put four odd numbers into four cages, then their sum
will be even.  And odd+odd number is an even number. 

So, we have odd+odd+odd+odd=even+even=even

We typically say that the number 0 is even.

So, unless there is some "trick" that I'm missing, I don't 
understand how you could actually solve this question.

Carralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need money 

 Hi,

When people need money, the path they most likely take is
to earn money through hard work and investment.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 how do you do division? 

 Hi,

Division is the reverse of multiplication.

To figure 16/2 out, you ask yourself what do I multiply 2 by to get 16 as an answer.

If you don't know the answer to that right away, you try figuring it out.

2x2=4  not it!!!
2x3=6  not it!!!
2x4=8  not it!!!
2x5=10 not it!!!
2x6=12 not it!!!
2x7=14 not it!!!
2x8=16  YEAH!!!

Since 2x8=16, then 16/2 is 8.

To learn division it's very helpful to know your multiplication tables well.

Let's try another example of 72 divided by 4.

To write 72 divided by 4 or 4 into 72,  
             ____
we write   4|72


Now, does 4 go into the 7?  Yes!!! 
How many times does 4 go into 7?  1 time

                       1_
So, we write  4|72 

Now, we multiply the 4x1=4, and write that 4 right below the seven and subtract.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              3

Now, we bring down the 2.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32

Once we do that we ask ourselves does 4 go into 32?  Yes?

How many times?  8

So, we write the 8 above the 2 in the number 72.


              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32


Now, we multipy the 4X8=32, and write that 32 right below the 32 and subtract.

              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32
             -32
             ----
               0

You should always do a check to make sure your answer is correct.  Is 4*18=72?

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What factors could influence temperature changes between a city and a farm that is 50 miles away and what are some possible effects of these temperature differences on living things? 

 Dear Kayla,
There are many factors which might be involved.
The altitude of the place may be different. One might be near
the ocean and the other further inland, or near a river, in a valley,
next to a mountain slope, in a forested area, or in a dryplain area.
All of these would have an effect on the temperature and the weather in general.
Living things of some kinds can live in a wide range of temperatures,
while others need a very specific temperature to survive well.
So this wiould effect the kind of lliving thing growing or found
at each of these places, and their chances of survival if they ar
aalready there,
Ingrid, YOUR Science Helper

 Okay i am doin algebra so i need to know if i am doin this right!
Here is the problem:
        3r-5r+8+r
And this was my answer:
        2r+8
Is it correct?
 thanx 4 helpin,
     india 

 Dear india,

Unfortunately, you are incorrect.

Let's simplify this step by step.

We need to combine like terms...we have 3r-5r+r

We can factor out an r to get (3-5+1)r

So, let's work what's inside the parentheses 3-5=-2
Then add 1 to get -2+1=-1

So, (3-5+1)r = -1r

We still have the plus 8, so our final simplification is

-1r+8

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 this thing takes a day or 2?! that is ridiculos!
i need it for my hw today!!! 

 Well, I'm sorry but the volume of requests sometimes delays 
things.  Please forgive us. We're trying our best.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 In my reportcard I got a
B in Language Arts and I want you to help me.   

 A "B" is very good; if you can tell me what seems to be your 
problem that keeps you from an "A," then I can try to help you.
Maybe it's finding a study partner who also wants an "A" and 
more time spent on studying not at the last minute.  I'm just not
sure without more information.  For example, what is your strongest
and what is your weakest area?

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 why is it correct to say that Canada has a strategic location? 

 It is a friend of the United States and protects the U.S. 
northern border plus there are military cooperation projects,
like early warning stations for ICBM's.  It is like a huge 
buffer zone for the United States.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 how many edges does a trianglulr prism have 

 Hi,

Each base has 3 edges, totally 6 and then we have the 3 edges 
that produce the height...that's a total of 9 edges.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Do you no any thing about octopuses 

 Hi 

Octopi (plural of octopus) are marine molluscs (soft bodied animals which live in the sea)
 belonging to the
class called the Cephalopods. This basically means that their
head (cephalo) acts as its limbs.(pods).In fact the 8 arms
that an octopus has and uses for moving from place to place,
and for catching its prey, are found as extensions of its head.

One website which has more info about the octopus is here:
http://www.octopusink.com/pages/info.html
and another two:
http://www.nature.ca/notebooks/english/octopus.htm
http://www.marinelab.sarasota.fl.us/OCTOPI.HTM

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

Inrid, Your Science Helper

 I'm  having  trubill  whith  my  :  whith  a  line  in the  midil  i  forgot  what  you  call  them  and  where  doing  a  test  about  it  please  help
         
          

 Hi,

Are you talking about fractions?  Or division?

Division is the reverse of multiplication.

To figure 16/2 out, you ask yourself what do I multiply 2 by to get 16 as an answer.

If you don't know the answer to that right away, you try figuring it out.

2x2=4  not it!!!
2x3=6  not it!!!
2x4=8  not it!!!
2x5=10 not it!!!
2x6=12 not it!!!
2x7=14 not it!!!
2x8=16  YEAH!!!

Since 2x8=16, then 16/2 is 8.

To learn division it's very helpful to know your multiplication tables well.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 my question is well actually i have a few well 
1- What was recomended at the Annapolis convention?
2-what were the main results of the war or 1812?
3-what was the promise of monroe doctrum?
that is all of my questions if u could help me i would really appriciate it, sorry if things are spelled wrong
 

 This should be covered in your textbook on 
American History.  Please look in the back of
the book for an index.  Then pick out the 
terms you are looking for and go to the page/s
in the textbook given for that term.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 Hello, 
 I am in a science fair and I need help on how a camra works inside and out because I dont got any info and it is due soon, Can you help Me, 
 Thanks Trish 

 Der Trish,



Here is a website on how a Ingle LEns Reflx Camera works, with somehing
about its history too,
http://www.yesmag.bc.ca/how_work/camera.html

These websites are on how to make and use
a Pin-hole camera and how it works,
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/education/lessonPlans/pinholeCamera/pinholeCanBox.shtml
http://www.nh.ultranet.com/~stewoody/
THis website is on how a digital camera works
http://www.clubphoto.com/news/shortcourses/cau_c04.php


I hope that all this material will help you in your Science fair project.
If you have further questions please fell free to ask,

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 hi its me again i just want to know when my ansour to my qeustion will be ansoured. 

 What question, please?  If your don't find an emailed answer to
you, please ask it again.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework helper

 Can you give me an example of some ancient Mayan numbers?
Thanx. 

 Please look in a book on Mayan Indians or in an illustrated 
encyclopedia or ask in the library or a bookstore.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What s a vertabrate? 

 Dear Friend,
A vertebrate is any animal which has a backbone.
We are vertebrates, so are frogs, fish and birds.
There are man other animals which also have backbones.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 If you have a teacher let say Mr.Wing what would you say he should teach in my grade. 

 Dear TailBone,
Is this a riddle? I sure dont know the answer,
Ingrid, YOur Science HElper

 Hello! Well I had a question, and it is that I am having a little trouble on ratios. Specificly the story problems on ratios. Is there any way to make them less confusing? Thank you! :) 

 Hi,

When doing questions with ratios, keep in mind that a ratio
tells you that a certain relationship is ALWAYS true and that
this ratio/constant is always the same.

So, if we have the following.  For every cake, we need 3 cups
of flour.  How many cakes does 9 cups of flour make.

We know that 1 cake=3 cups flour

So,   1
    -----
      3

cake: flour is constant...

     1      ?
   ----- = ----
     3      9

What do we have to multiply by 3 to get 9...3, so to keep
our ratio constant, we multiply 1*3=3=?

so, with 9 cups of flour we can make 3 cakes.

For me to help you even more, just post your specific ratio
story problems to the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher Board.

caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what has more heat?
match or ice skupture 

 Dear Friend,

Heat is caused by the movement of molecules.
The faster they move the higher the temperature. The more
molecules there are moving at a certain rate, the more
heat the object has. A match has much less molecules
than an icesculpture. In both the molecules are not moving
rapidly. The one with the much greater amount of molecules
probably has more heat..that is the ice sculpture,
Ingrid,Your Science Helper

 Can you give me some information on colonial stenciling, I'm doing a report on it in school. Please help me! 
         Thanks,
             Catherine 

 Hmmmmmmm, colonial stenciling.  Oy.  Well, I think you 
need to try http://www.askjeeves.com  for that.  If you can't
find anything, I'd ask an art store or better, an art teacher.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 is 7th grade hard? why is math soso hard?

from
fatema and sanaa 

 Dear fatema and sanaa,

Math topics build from one year to the next, so to be successful
in 7th grade math it's important to know your 6th grade math.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Can you explain to me more about misleading statistics? 

 Hi,

We could have a group of test scores whose mode is 90,
median is 85 and mean is 78.  We could be misleading by
saying the average for this group of data is any of the above
3 statistics....any one of these may mislead us in
understanding the data.

Also, statistics may be misleading if we don't use a large
enough sample pool, or do not chose a diversified group
for our sample pool.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what is malpirnating 

 Dear friend,
YOu have an error here in the spelling, and I really
do not know what word you are thinking of.Ask
someone to help you with the word you want to know about,
and only then I will be able to answer your question
Inrid, YOur Science Helper

 What is the average length and weight of a Sea Horse? 

 Dear Friend,
There are many different kinds of seahorses ,w ith different
sizes so it is difficult to give an average size.
A large seahorse may reach about 60 grams weight
and 28 centimeters in length.Most of them are much
smaller and may only be about 3-4 centimeters in length.

Ingrid, Your Science Helper

 I need help with polynomials. 

 Hi,

I very much want to help you with your study of polynomials...
what particular area to you need help...
adding polynomials, subtracting them, multiplying them,
dividing them, solving polynomial equations, simplifying them,
factoring them...

so, please post a specific example of the types of polynomial
questions you had in mind, and I'll gladly help you.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 Dear Kiddonet Teacher,
       I need help in all my subjects.  But mostly math.  Please e-mail me to tell me how to do better.  Thanks. 
    Love,
        Geneva K. 

 Dear Geneva K.,

Learning mathematics takes time and patience.

You will need to acquire certain basic skills and use lots of creative thinking.

When you are learning a new skill, you should ask questions as soon as you find the skill difficult...don’t ever wait until your class has moved onto the next skill before you ask for help.  Mathematics extends from previous knowledge all the time.

When faced with a problem you have never seen before, don’t give up after a few minutes...try different approaches until you find one that works or you run out of ideas on what to try.  

There is no such thing as an insignificant  question.

When doing homework, be prepared.  Find yourself a quiet place with a bit of space to spread out your class notes, your text book, your calculator and other useful tools.  Make sure that you have enough light and music, if you like.  If you have a hard time concentrating, get yourself a timer, and take breaks to keep your energy level up high.  

Test Preparation:

A very useful tool that you can create is a page of important information learned in the math unit.  If you make one for each unit, then when you need to study for finals, you have everything organized.  You can reference this sheet as you study.

If your teacher provides you with review questions, then those are the first examples you should try.  Then re-try any and all quizzes from the unit.  If you still have time and energy to study some more, you can do select homework questions that gave you trouble the first time around.  It’s a good idea to mark on your homework with a colored pen those questions that gave you trouble, so you can work on them at a later time, or you can keep a separate sheet with questions that stumped you at first.

You can do homework, or study for tests with your friends....this way you can help one another and improve your own learning at the same time.

Test Taking:

Before you do anything, take a deep breath and try to relax.

Read over the ENTIRE test before answering any questions.  While you read the test, you should mark questions as easy, medium and hard.  Then you should proceed to answer the easy questions first, then the medium and lastly the hard.  By doing this, you spend your precious test taking time being useful and as you succeed in solving the easier questions you build confidence.  

When you finish answering as many questions as you can, turn the test over and relax for a few minutes.  Then go over your answers careful to check for mistakes.  If you think that perhaps maybe you should have tried a different approach, typically, trust your first instinct.

Try to keep in mind that no one test is the determining factor of whom you are.  Be satisfied always that you did the very best you could under the circumstances

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need your help 

 Hi,

I would love to help you learn math.  Just post your specific
math questions that are giving you trouble to the KiddoNet
Ask a Math Teacher.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 give me an idea or certain poem i can memorize in 2 days 

 Well, I'd say a pretty short one, like maybe a Robert Frost poem,
"The Path Less Taken," I think you call it.  

Ask your teacher or librarian where to find it for you.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 dgytrytryutryrtyty 

 Yes, we're all trying our best, aren't we?  Don't give up writing.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 hi, I need help with my division, do you no of a easy way for me to understand it. 

 Hi,

Division is the reverse of multiplication.

To figure 16/2 out, you ask yourself what do I multiply 2 by to get 16 as an answer.

If you don't know the answer to that right away, you try figuring it out.

2x2=4  not it!!!
2x3=6  not it!!!
2x4=8  not it!!!
2x5=10 not it!!!
2x6=12 not it!!!
2x7=14 not it!!!
2x8=16  YEAH!!!

Since 2x8=16, then 16/2 is 8.

To learn division it's very helpful to know your multiplication tables well.

Let's try another example of 72 divided by 4.

To write 72 divided by 4 or 4 into 72,  
             ____
we write   4|72


Now, does 4 go into the 7?  Yes!!! 
How many times does 4 go into 7?  1 time

                       1_
So, we write  4|72 

Now, we multiply the 4x1=4, and write that 4 right below the seven and subtract.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              3

Now, we bring down the 2.

              1_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32

Once we do that we ask ourselves does 4 go into 32?  Yes?

How many times?  8

So, we write the 8 above the 2 in the number 72.


              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32


Now, we multipy the 4X8=32, and write that 32 right below the 32 and subtract.

              18_____
            4|72
             -4
             ---
              32
             -32
             ----
               0

You should always do a check to make sure your answer is correct.  Is 4*18=72?

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 HELLO TEACHER I HAVE SENT YOU A EMAIL CONCERNING A POEM, YOU SUGGESTED "PASS LESS TAKEN". BUT I HAVE A POEM THAT IS EASIER AND ACCEPTABLE AT SCHOOL. cOULD YOU GIVE ME A COUPLE OF TIPS OF MEMO RIZING 56 WORD POEM THANKS. 

 I'm glad you found a poem.
Try to write it down several times, gradually saying it outloud as
you write it down.  Memorize rhyming stanzas so the poem makes sensse
when you perform it.  Just keep talking and writing it out, more
and more by memory.  Then recite it for friends and or family to 
make sure your voice is hear and there is feeling in it.

Good luck.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 

 how do youdo fractions 

 Hi,

To reduce a fraction to simplest form, you need to find the 
largest number that divides evenly into both the numerator(top)
and denominator (bottom).

Let's do an example:

   15
  ----
   20

What's the largest number you can think of that divides into
both 15 and 20?  Let's try 5.

  15    5x3    3
---- = ----- =---
 20     5x4    4

We can cancel the 5/5 because that's equal to 1, so our fraction
in simplest terms is three fourths.

Question:  How do I add and subtract fractions?

In general, to add and subtract fractions you need to have a common denominator(bottom).  Once both fractions are written with the same denominator, to add fractions, simply add the numerators (top) and use the common denominator as your denominator.  To subtract fractions, simply subtract the 
numerators and use the common denominator as your denominator.

We'll do the example 


  5        1
 ---  +   ---
  8        6

These do not have a common denominator.  So, we take the larger
of the two denominators, namely 8.  

6 does not go evenly into 8x1=8.
Does 6 go evenly into 8x2=16?  NO!!!
Does 6 go evenly into 8x3=24?  Yes because 6x4=24.

Now we have found our common denominator of 24.  We must
rewrite each fraction with the denominator of 24.  Since
we multiply 8 by 3 to get 24, we must also multiply the numerator
by 3.

  5     5x3    15
 --- =  --- = ----
  8     8x3    24

 1     1x4    4
--- = -----= ---
 6     6x4    24

Now, we can rewrite our example as

   15        4      
  ---- +    --- 
   24        24     

We add the numerators, and leave the denominator as 24.

Our answer is  19
              ----
               24

Let's change that question to a subtraction question,

  5        1
 ---  -   ---
  8        6

First, we need to find equivalent fractions with our common
denominator.  We've already done this, so our question becomes:

   15        4      15-4     11
  ---- -    --- =  ------ = ----
   24        24      24      24

Question:  How do I multiply fractions?

 To multiply fractions, your answer is 

           product of numerators
          -----------------------
           product of denominators

So,  1     16       1x16
    --- x ----- =  ------ 
     2     25       2x25

                =  16
                  -----
                   50

You can simplify your answer since  is a factor of the numerator and denominator.

      16      2x8        8
    -----  = ------  =  ----
      50      2x25       25


Question:  How do I divide fractions?

 To divide fractions like

  3                    5
 --- divided by ---
  8                    7

the question becomes the same as multiplying the dividend
(in our case 3/8) by the reciprocal (flip) of the divisor
(in our case 5/7).

So, our question becomes

  3     7     3x7      21
 --- x --- = ----- =  ----
  8     5     8x5      40

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what is a govener? 

 A governor is the highest elected official in a state.  Do you 
have a dictionary, because there are other meanings you should 
look up for this word.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is a fator for: 41, 15, 71, 30,24, 16, 19, 72, 48, 60, 12, 32, 21, 42, 56? can you please tell me what the factors for those numbers are? PLPEASE!
 

 Hi,

41 is prime, so it's only factors are 1 and itself
15=3x5 and 1x15
71 is prime
30=1x30 or 2x15 or 5x6
24=1x24 or 2x12 or 4x6 or 3x8
16=1x16 or 2x8 or 4x4
19 is prime
72=1x72 or 2x36 or 4x18 or 6x12 or8x9
48=1x48 or 2x24 or 3x16 or 4x12 or 6x8
60=1x60 or 2x30 or 3x20 or 4x15 or 5x12 or 6x10
12=1x12 or 2x6 or 3x4
32=1x32 or 2x16 or 4x8
21=1x21 or 3x7
42=1x42 or 2x21 or 3x14 or 6x7
56=1x56 or 2x28 or 4x14 or 7x8

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 i need information on freedom rides. and some important dates for a time line. PLEASE 

 I think your history book can give you this information  or your 
librarian can suggest. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 I have exams in grade 7! Do you think they will be hard. 

 Hi,

The more prepared you are the easier your exam will be...if you
have studied hard all year, and asked questions when things
were tough for you, then you have an excellent chance
with your math tests.  I suggest going over old math tests
and any review sheet your teacher has given you to practice for
your upcoming end of the year math test.

Good Luck.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 help on vertices,faces,and edges.
And the whole anchalada of solid figures.


 please send fast 

 Hi,

If you want to know about solids that are constructed from
all sides being the same polygon, check out:

http://www.teleport.com/~tpgettys/platonic.shtml

A rectangular solid has 6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges.

A prism is created when itstop and bottom faces lie in parallel
planes...the face and bottom are the same polygon.

A prism has 2 base faces and then Number of Sides of base polygon lateral faces, there would then be 2*number of vertices
on a base vertices for the prism, and the amount of edges
would be 3*number of sides of base polygon.

A pryamid has a base polygon and a point not in the plane.  The
set of all segments that joint the point to the polygon are
called a pryamid.

A pryamid has 1 base face and the number of sides on the base
lateral faces,  it has 1 + number of vertices on the base 
vertices and has 2*number of sides edges.

Hope you find that useful.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What are the names of 10 famous Asians? 

 Please ask http://www.askjeeves.com

You can also go to the CIA website for names of presidents of
Asian countries. Check on a map for Asian countries. 

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 i need help what math 
it is to hard. 

 Hi,

I'd love to help you learn math.  Just post your specifc math
homework questions that are giving you trouble to the KiddoNet
Ask a Math Teacher.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what are primary farming for carrots? 

 I'd ask our SCIENCE Homework Helper teacher for methods -- or maybe
try a greenhouse for a book or someone there who knows.  Also, you
may want to try to locate the closest U.S.D.A. office and ask
(United States Department of Agriculture) or maybe the FFA
(Future Farmers of American) at a high school.  There may be an
FFA chapter at the high school in your area.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper  

 Where can i find cartoon like pictures of parrots. 

 Probably in a bookstore.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 whats a raw product for the primary industry Carrots?? 

 Carrot juice.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is the capital of Mexico? 

 Mexico City


Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What is a acute angel
 

 Hi,

An acute angle is one that is between zero and ninety degrees.

It would be an angle less than a standard corner of a piece
of paper.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what is your name? 

 Hi,

I'm Caralee!!!!

I love helping kids learn math, so post your specific
math questions to the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 why do planets look small from earth? 

 Dear Friend,
They look so small because they are very very far away.
If you were to look at the earth from up in an airplane, then the
houses would look very tiny. The planets are much, much further
than that, and so they  look very small.
Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 I NEED TO KNOW EVERYTHING ABOUT BEING A STUDENT COUNSELLOR. 

 Good question and a good goal.

I'd ask the guidance counsellor at your school for literature
and also what he or she has to say about it.  Take notes or
use a tape recorder when you talk to that person so you can
remember what's said in detail.  Also talk to previous kids in
that position of student counsellor, if there are any.  

First hand research is the best.

Obviously, you need understanding, compassion, evenhandedness, and
other qualities -- plus knowing the rules ----- all in detail.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 What states are considered the Southeastern United States?  Where can I find a map of North Carolina's state natural resources? 

 They're basically, states like Georgia, South Carolina, and maybe 
North Carolina and Virginia (which are a bit north but still
southeast).  The map of N.C. natural resources can be found in
a bookstore or even a travel agency.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 out of 6,8,4,2, can you get 24 by using each of these numbers once. 

 Hi,

Your question is not clear to me.

6,8,4, and 2 are all factors of 24...

6x4=24
8x3=24
2x12=24

Please post a clarification to this question to the KiddoNet
Ask a Math Teacher Board, so I can best help you.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what does algebra mean and why do people use it 

 HI,

Algebra, branch of mathematics in which letters are used to represent basic arithmetic relations. As in arithmetic, the basic operations of algebra are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and the extraction of roots. Arithmetic, however, cannot generalize mathematical relations such as the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the sum of the squares of the sides of any right triangle is also a square. Arithmetic can only produce specific instances of these relations .But algebra can make a purely general statement that fulfills the conditions of the theorem.  

Classical algebra, which is concerned with solving equations, uses symbols instead of specific numbers and uses arithmetic operations to establish ways of handling symbols . Modern algebra has evolved from classical algebra by increasing its attention to the structures within mathematics. Mathematicians consider modern algebra to be a set of objects with rules for connecting or relating them. As such, in its most general form, algebra may fairly be described as the language of mathematics.

Algebra is the language of generalizations and we use it to
model real life situations...in an effort to predict and explain
phenomena in the real world.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 EVERYTHING ABOUT BEING THE SCHOOL COUNSELLOR  

 I gave this answer to you.  Did you get it in the Social Studies
area?  

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 HI 
can you tell me all about primary secondary and teritary industries for copper
I need to know 
1) what each thing does
2) How many people work there
3) job oppertunities
4) the people it employs.

Thanks 

 Here is a lot of information on copper. Use what you can, please.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Copper (element), metallic element, symbol Cu, one of the transition elements in group 11 (or Ib) of the periodic table (see: Periodic Law); atomic no. 29, atomic wt. 63.546. Copper melts at about 1083* C (about 1981* F), boils at about 2567* C (about 4753* F), and has a specific gravity of 8.9.

This brownish-red metal was known to prehistoric people and was probably the first metal from which useful articles were made. Copper objects have been found among the remains of many ancient civilizations, including those of Egypt, Asia Minor, China, southeastern Europe, Cyprus (from which the word copper  is derived), and Crete. It was known to American Indians, and American ores were found by the European explorers. It is also found in the pure state.

Properties and Uses
Open-pit Copper Mine, Utah
Because of its many desirable properties, such as its conductivity of electricity and heat, its resistance to corrosion, its malleability and ductility, and its beauty, copper has long been used in a wide variety of applications. The principal uses are electrical, because of the extremely high conductivity of pure copper, which is second only to that of silver. Because copper is very ductile, it can be drawn into wires of any diameter from about 0.025 mm (about 0.001 in) upward. The tensile strength of drawn copper wire is about 4200 kg/sq cm (about 60,000 lb/sq in), and can be used in outdoor power lines and cables, as well as in house wiring, lamp cords, and electrical machinery such as generators, motors, controllers, signaling devices, electromagnets, and communications equipment.

Copper has been used for coins throughout recorded history and has also been fashioned into cooking utensils, vats, and ornamental objects. Copper was at one time used extensively for sheathing the bottom of wooden ships to prevent fouling. Copper may be easily electroplated, alone or as a base for other metals. Large amounts are used for this purpose, particularly in making electrotypes, reproductions of type for printing.

The metallurgy of copper varies with the composition of the ore. Native copper is crushed, washed, and cast in bars. Oxides and carbonates are reduced with carbon. The most important ores, the sulfides, contain not more than 12 percent, sometimes as little as 1 percent, of copper; they must first be crushed and concentrated by flotation. The concentrates are smelted in a reverberatory furnace, which yields crude metallic copper, approximately 98 percent pure. Crude copper is further purified by electrolysis, yielding bars exceeding 99.9 percent purity.

Pure copper is soft but may be hardened somewhat by being worked. Alloys of copper, which are far harder and stronger than the pure metal, have higher resistance and so cannot be used for electrical purposes. They do, however, have corrosion resistance almost as good as that of pure copper and are very easily worked in machine shops. The two most important alloys are brass, a zinc alloy, and bronze, a tin alloy. Both tin and zinc are sometimes added to the same alloy, and no sharp dividing line can be drawn between brass and bronze. Both are used in enormous quantities. Copper is also alloyed with gold, silver, and nickel and is an important constituent of such alloys as Monel metal, gunmetal, and so-called German silver.

Copper forms two series of chemical compounds: cuprous, in which the copper has a valence of 1, and cupric, in which the copper has a valence of 2. Cuprous compounds are easily oxidized to cupric, in many cases by mere exposure to air, and are of little industrial importance; cupric compounds are stable. Certain copper solutions have the power of dissolving cellulose, and large quantities of copper are for this reason used in the manufacture of rayon. Copper is also used in many pigments and in such insecticides as Paris green and such fungicides as Bordeaux mixture, although it is being largely replaced by synthetic organic chemicals for these purposes.

Occurrence
Production of Copper
Native copper occurs in the vicinity of Lake Superior in northern Michigan, where it is mined in economically important quantities; it occurs also in small amounts in other parts of the world. Overall, copper is about the 25th most abundant element in crustal rocks. It is usually found admixed with other metals, such as gold, silver, bismuth, and lead, and exists in small specks in rock, but individual masses weighing as much as 420 metric tons have been found. The principal sources of copper are chalcopyrite and bornite, mixed sulfides of copper and iron. Other important ore minerals are chalcocite and covellite, sulfides of copper, which are found in Arizona and Nevada in the United States and in Cornwall, England. Enargite, a sulfarsenate of copper, is found in various parts of the U.S. Azurite, a basic carbonate of copper, is found in France and Australia, and malachite, also a basic carbonate of copper, in the Ural Mountains. Tetrahedrite, a sulfantimonide of copper and various other metals, and chrysocolla, a copper silicate, are both widely distributed. Cuprite, an oxide, is found in Cuba, and atacamite, a basic chloride, in Peru.

U.S. production of copper in 1991 was about 18.5 percent of the estimated world production of 8.8 million metric tons. The leading ore-producing states are Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.

 where are tropicl rain forests located. 

 All over the world in areas quite close to the equator.

For example, in Brazil, Java, Surinam, and even on small 
islands such as St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what is the raw product of mining nickel??? 

 Nickel is the raw product.  It is an element, Ni

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 what are 3 secondary industries that use the raw product of mining nickel??? 

 Here's all you need to know about nickel, including your
question answered.  Thanks for the question.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

Nickel, metallic element, symbol Ni, one of the the transition elements in group 10 (or VIIIb) of the periodic table (see: Periodic Law); atomic no. 28, atomic wt. 58.69. Nickel melts at about 1455* C (about 2651* F), boils at about 2730* C (about 4946* F), and has a specific gravity of 8.9.

Nickel was used as coinage in nickel-copper alloys for several thousand years, but was not recognized as an elemental substance until 1751 when the Swedish chemist Baron Axel Frederic Cronstedt (1722-65) isolated the metal from niccolite ore.

Properties
Nickel is a silver-white, hard, malleable, ductile metal, capable of taking a high polish. It is magnetic below 345* C (653* F). It exists in five stable isotopic forms. Metallic nickel is not very active chemically. It is soluble in dilute nitric acid and becomes passive (nonreactive) in concentrated nitric acid; it does not react with alkalies.

Occurrence
Nickel occurs as a metal in meteors. Combined with other elements, it occurs in minerals such as garnierite, millerite, niccolite, pentlandite, and pyrrhotite; the latter two minerals are the principal ores of nickel. Nickel ranks about 22d in natural abundance among elements in crustal rock.

Nickel ores usually contain impurities, chief among which is copper. Sulfide ores, such as pentlandite and nickeliferous pyrrhotite, are usually smelted in a blast furnace and shipped in the form of a matte of copper and nickel sulfide to refineries, where the nickel is removed by various processes. In the electrolytic process, the nickel is deposited in pure metallic form after the copper has been preferentially removed by deposition at a different voltage and in a different electrolyte. In the Mond process, copper is removed by dissolution in dilute sulfuric acid, and the nickel residue is reduced to impure metallic nickel. Carbon monoxide is passed over the impure nickel, forming nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4, a volatile gas. The nickel carbonyl is heated to 200* C (392* F) and decomposes, depositing pure metallic nickel.

Uses and Production
Nickel is used as a protective and ornamental coating for metals, particularly iron and steel, that are susceptible to corrosion. The nickel plate is deposited by electrolysis in a nickel solution. Finely divided nickel absorbs 17 times its own volume of hydrogen and is used as a catalyst in many processes, including the hydrogenation of oils.

Nickel is used chiefly in the form of alloys. It imparts great strength and corrosion resistance to steel. Nickel steel, containing about 2 to 4 percent nickel, is used in automobile parts such as axles, crankshafts, gears, valves, and rods; in machine parts; and in armor plate. Some of the most important nickel-containing alloys are German silver, Invar, Monel metal, Nichrome, and Permalloy. The nickel coins used for currency are an alloy of 25 percent nickel and 75 percent copper. Nickel is also a key component of nickel-cadmium batteries.

Most of the world supply of nickel is mined in Canada; a rich deposit of nickel was discovered in 1957 in northern QuÈbec. Cuba, the former Soviet Union, China, and Australia are next in importance as nickel producers. World production of nickel in 1989 totaled about 840,000 metric tons. The United States has no large deposits of nickel and accounts for less than 1 percent of the annual world output. Almost all the nickel that is used in the U.S. must be imported.

Compounds
Nickel forms primarily divalent (nickelous) compounds, although examples of compounds with formal oxidation states ranging from -1 to +4 are known. Most of the salts of nickel, such as nickel chloride, NiCl2, nickel sulfate, NiSO4, and nickel nitrate, Ni(NO3)2, are green or blue in color, and they are most commonly hydrated. Nickel ammonium sulfate, NiSO4 * (NH4 )2SO4 * 6H2O, is used in nickel-electroplating solutions. Nickel compounds are often identified by adding an organic reagent, dimethylgloxime, which reacts with nickel to form a red, flocculent precipitate.

 Where can i find a flight timeline? 

 Dear Friend,
Here is a flight to space timeline at following website
http://www.planetarium.net/edcenter/human/

Ingrid, Our Science Helper

 what do an african serval and a caracal look like? 

 Dear Friend,
At this website there ia a picture of an african serval:
http://www.animaled.com/serval.htm
 And here is a picture and some info about thecaracal.
http://www.spottycat.com/marlos/caracal.html

Ingrid, YOur Science Helper

 Karen has a 54% and jack has a 74% on there math quizes . How many more points does jack have then Karen? 

 Hi,

Since we don't know how many questions were on the quiz,
we can't give an exact number of points.  We know that
Jack got 20% more points than Karen since 74-54=20

Now, if the test had a total of 100 points, then Jack
got 20% of 100 or 0.20*100=20 points more.

If the test had a total of 50 points, then jack got 20% of 50
or 0.20*50=10 points more.

If the test had a total of x points, then Jack got 20% of  x or
02x more points than Karen.

Neat Question.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 i need help on algebra,can you help me. 

 Hi,

I don't know exactly what kind of equation you had in mind.  Do you have a more specific question?  If you post specific examples
 then I can help you with them.  

I'll do a few sample equationsof typical types of equations,
 but really are not sure if this is what you thought.

Fill in the blanks in each equation.

   x+6=15

This question is asking you what do you have to add to the number 6 to get the number 15.  You can simply count from 6 to 16... 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15.  There are 9 numbers in that list, so 9+6=15.  Or you can figure what goes in the blank by
subtracting 6 from both sides of the equation.

    x +6 - 6 =15-6
   
   x  = 9

Our answer is 9!!!


  
   18-x=10

This question is asking you want do you have to subtract from the number 18 to get 10.  This time we can count down from 18 to 10....17,16,15,14,13,12,11,10.  There are 8 numbers in that list, so 18-8=10. 

  x - 7=8

In this question, we need to figure what number when we take away 7 from it we get 8.  So, we'll start at 8 and count up 7....9,10,11,12,13,14,15.  Our last number is 15.  Is 15-7 in fact  equal to 8?  Yes!!! so 15-7=8. Or we could add 7 to
both sides of the equation to reverse the subtraction of 7.

 x-7+7=8+7

 x = 15
 
    5x =50

This question is asking us what do we mutiply 5 by in order
to get 50.  To figure this out, we divide both sides by 5 to
reverse the multiplying by 5.

   5x/5=50/5
   x= 50/5
   x =10

Let's look at the example 

     x
   ---- = 7
     4

We want to know what number when I divide it by 4 will give
7, so we can reverse the dividing by 4 by multiplying both
sides by 4.

     x
    ---*4=7*4
     4

     x=7*4

     x=28

Now, let's look at some two step equations:

     3x+5=26

First we multiplied it by 3 and then we add 5 to the
product.  The reverse process of doing this would be to subtract
5 and then divide by 3.  So, that is exactly what we do to
solve this equation.

Let's subtract 5 from both sides.

3x +5-5=26 -5

3x=26-5

3x=21

Now let's divide both sides by 3

3x/3=21/3

x=21/3

x=7

Let's try an example like

       (x-3)
       ----- = 8
         9

In the expression on the left, we first subtracted 3 from x
and the divided the difference by 9.  The reverse process
would be to multply both sides by 9 and then add 3.

So, let's multiply both sides by 9.


       (x-3)
       ----- *9 = 8*9
         9

x-3=8*9

x-3=72

Now we add three to both sides,

x-3+3=72+3

x=72+3

x=75

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 I need help with times tables. 

 Hi,

The person who could come up with an easy way to learn the multiplication table would make a fortune.  

Unfortunately, the only way to learn the table is through hard work and lots and lots and lots of practice.

Learning multiplication tables can be hard until you figure out your own personal style of memorizing.  Some people learn by just looking, some by listening, some by writing over and over. Do you know how you learn best?  

If you learn by writing over and over, then you should write the multiplication facts over and over until you know them by heart.

If you learning by hearing, then you should say the facts out loud over and over until you know them.

If you learn by sight, You can use flash cards to help you memorize them.  Get yourself a stack of 3x5 cards or cut up paper into small cards. For every times that you need to memorize, write the problem on one side and the answer on the other. 

For example

 7x8 on one side
 56 on the other side

Once you have made the cards, Just keep practicing.  If you see 7x8, you say your answer, and then check by flipping the card over to find the answer. 

If you get it right, put it in a separate pile of multiplication facts you know.  If you get it wrong, keep that card in your pile for practicing.  You keep practicing until you don't have any cards in your "don't know, yet" pile.

Don't always do the cards in the same order.  Mix them up.

Or you could just keep saying the multiplication facts to yourself.  Or you could write over and over again the multiplication facts.

Here's a times table to help you:

      |  2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12
  -------------------------------------------------
    2 |  4   6   8  10  12  14  16  18  20  22  24

    3 |  6   9  12  15  18  21  24  27  30  33  36
    
    4 |  8  12  16  20  24  28  32  36  40  44  48
    
    5 | 10  15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60
    
    6 | 12  18  24  30  36  42  48  54  60  66  72

    7 | 14  21  28  35  42  49  56  63  70  77  84
   
    8 | 16  24  32  40  48  56  64  72  80  88  96
    
    9 | 18  27  36  45  54  63  72  81  90  99 108

   10 | 20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90 100 110 120

   11 | 22  33  44  55  66  77  88  99 110 121 132

   12 | 24  36  48  60  72  84  96 108 120 132 144

Do you know how to read the table?  There is a column of numbers 2 through 12 and a row of numbers 2 through 12.  To  find the answer to 5x7.  Find the 5 on the column and move your finger to the right until you meet your other finger that is going down from 7 on the row.  Your two fingers should meet at 35.

Good Luck Learning Your Multiplication facts.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 What does hydro-electric power mean? 

 It means electricity that is produced by the power of water 
falling, partly caught by a dam.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 ok, Im doing a speech in class and its an information based.  Its
about the internet and my teacher wants me to put some statistics in like for how much shopping on line has increased and what people use the internet mostly for(exact percentage)I would be very happy if you could help me find some of that info, thanks!!  
 

 Your best bet many be to go to:

KIDS.INFOPLEASE.com  and ask or
HomeworkCentral.com

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

 can you send me some work pages on 7th grade math? 

 Hi,

7th grade math could include a lot of different topics, and 
differ from school and class room.  The best person to
ask for special worksheets would be your regular math teacher.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 what are you doing? 

 Hi,

I'm answering kids math questions right now?  How about you?

If you have any math questions, please don't hesitate to
post them to the KiddoNet Ask a Math Teacher.

Caralee:)
Your KiddoNet Math Teacher

 1.Why North Korea's Kim Jong-II visits China?

2.Why North Korea Leader has reportedly met with China?

3.Why Two Koreas agree to Historis Summit?

4.Why Anti-Russia protesters March in Ukrainan city? 

 This current events information you can get from a newspaper 
archive OR try www.Yahoo.com SEARCH engine.

Mike Online
Your KiddoNet Homework Helper

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